Comparar métodos

	Teste Não Paramétrico de Dependência Transversal para Dados em Painel	Erros Padrão de Driscoll-Kraay	Teste CD de Pesaran: Diagnóstico de Dependência Transversal para Dados em Painel
Área	Econometria	Econometria	Econometria
Família	Hypothesis test	Regression model	Hypothesis test
Ano de origem	1995	1998	2021
Autor original	Edward Frees	John Driscoll & Aart Kraay	M. Hashem Pesaran
Tipo	Non-parametric panel diagnostic test	Nonparametric heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for panel data	Non-parametric diagnostic test
Fonte seminal	Frees, E. W. (1995). Assessing cross-sectional correlation in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 69(2), 393–414.	Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
Outros nomes	Frees CD Test, Frees Q-statistic Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test (Frees), Frees Bağımlılık Testi	DK Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Covariance Estimator, Spatial-Temporal HAC Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Standart Hatalar	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
Relacionados	3	2	3
Resumo	The Frees test, introduced by Edward Frees in 1995, is a non-parametric diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data. It is designed for settings where N (number of units) is large and T (time periods) is moderate, making it a standard pre-estimation check before applying panel regression methods that assume cross-sectional independence. Applied economists and social scientists routinely use it to verify whether units in the panel share common shocks or spatial linkages.	Driscoll-Kraay standard errors provide a nonparametric, heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for balanced and unbalanced panel datasets. Introduced by Driscoll and Kraay in 1998, the method corrects inference when residuals exhibit cross-sectional dependence, serial autocorrelation, and heteroskedasticity simultaneously—problems common in macroeconomic and international finance panels where units such as countries or industries share common shocks.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.