Comparar métodos

	Observação em Sala de Aula	Pesquisa-Ação Educacional	Etnografia	Lesson Study
Área	Métodos de campo	Métodos de campo	Qualitativo	Métodos de campo
Família	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Ano de origem	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	1940s (Lewin); educational context developed 1970s–1980s	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Late 19th century Japan; international dissemination from 1999
Autor original	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations); Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott (educational adaptation)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Japanese elementary school teachers (formalized); introduced to Western research by James Stigler & James Hiebert
Tipo	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Participatory qualitative research design	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Collaborative practitioner inquiry / professional development research
Fonte seminal	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Elliott, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change. Open University Press. ISBN: 978-0335096190	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (1999). The Teaching Gap: Best Ideas from the World's Teachers for Improving Education in the Classroom. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0684852744
Outros nomes	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	EAR, practitioner research, teacher action research, classroom action research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	Jugyou Kenkyuu, LS, collaborative lesson research, teaching study
Relacionados	6	6	5	5
Resumo	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Educational action research is a cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry method in which educators systematically investigate a problem or opportunity in their own classroom or school, implement a change, observe its effects, and reflect on findings to guide the next cycle. Rooted in Kurt Lewin's action research framework and developed for educational contexts by Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott, it bridges the gap between educational theory and classroom practice by making teachers agents of rigorous inquiry.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Lesson study is a structured, cyclical form of professional development and educational research in which a team of teachers collaboratively plans a single 'research lesson,' observes it live in a classroom, analyzes student learning in detail, revises the lesson, and shares findings with the broader teaching community. Originating in Japanese elementary schools and brought to international attention by Stigler and Hiebert's 1999 comparative study, it has become one of the most widely adopted teacher-led inquiry methods worldwide.