방법 비교

	Kónya 부트스트랩 패널 Granger 인과관계 검정	두미트레스쿠-허를린 패널 그랜저 인과관계 검정	Pesaran CD 검정: 패널 데이터의 횡단면 의존성 진단
분야	계량경제학	계량경제학	계량경제학
계열	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
기원 연도	2006	2012	2021
창시자	László Kónya	Elena-Ivona Dumitrescu & Christophe Hurlin	M. Hashem Pesaran
유형	Non-parametric bootstrap hypothesis test	Non-causality test for heterogeneous panels	Non-parametric diagnostic test
원전	Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978–992.	Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
별칭	Bootstrap Panel Causality Test, Kónya Panel Granger Causality, SUR-Based Bootstrap Causality, Kónya Önyükleme Nedensellik Testi	DH Causality Test, Panel Granger Causality Test (Heterogeneous), Dumitrescu-Hurlin Test, Heterojen Panel Nedensellik Testi	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
관련	3	3	3
요약	Introduced by László Kónya in 2006, this method tests Granger causality in heterogeneous panels by estimating a Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) system and deriving country-specific critical values through bootstrapping. Unlike pooled panel tests, it delivers a separate causality verdict for each cross-section, making it particularly valuable in applied macroeconomics and international economics when panel units are expected to behave differently.	The Dumitrescu-Hurlin (DH) test, introduced by Elena-Ivona Dumitrescu and Christophe Hurlin in their 2012 Economic Modelling article, tests for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panel datasets. Unlike standard panel causality approaches, it permits each cross-sectional unit to have its own distinct causal relationship, making it well-suited for macro-panels of countries, firms, or regions where homogeneity cannot be assumed.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.