방법 비교

	Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART)	운영자 수행 평가 척도 (OPAS)
분야	인간공학	인간공학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1988	1993
창시자	Jeremy C. Williams	William W. Wierwille, Frank T. Eggemeier
유형	Expert-rated / Observational	Observer-rated / Self-rated
원전	Williams, J. C. (1988). A data-based method for assessing and reducing human error to improve operational performance. In IEEE Fourth Conference on Human Factors and Power Plants (pp. 436-450). IEEE.	Wierwille, W. W., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1993). Recommendations for mental workload measurement in a test and evaluation environment. Human Factors, 35(2), 263–281.
별칭	HEART	OPAS, Performance Rating Scale
관련	4	4
요약	The Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART), developed by Jeremy Williams in 1988 for the nuclear industry, is a structured method for assessing the probability of human error in safety-critical tasks and identifying error reduction strategies. Unlike scales that measure subjective experience (workload, situational awareness), HEART is an analytical tool combining expert judgment, task analysis, and empirical error rates to quantify task-specific error probability and guide human factors interventions in high-stakes operations.	The Operator Performance Assessment Scale (OPAS), formalized by Wierwille and Eggemeier in 1993, is a structured rating method for assessing operator task performance on multiple dimensions (primary task accuracy, secondary task accuracy, task completion time, error rate, procedure adherence) in applied settings. OPAS bridges subjective workload perception (NASA-TLX, situational awareness) and objective behavioral metrics by capturing expert judgment of performance quality across multiple performance channels, enabling holistic evaluation of how well operators managed task demands.