Type I and Type II Errors
In hypothesis testing, two types of errors can occur: Type I error (false positive, rejecting a true null hypothesis) and Type II error (false negative, failing to reject a false null hypothesis). Formalized by Neyman and Pearson (1933), these errors are at the heart of statistical decision-making. The probability of Type I error is controlled by the significance level α (conventionally 0.05); the probability of Type II error is β, and power = 1 − β. Understanding and balancing these errors is critical for designing robust, reliable research.
Izvorni zapis
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- Neyman, J., & Pearson, E. S. (1933). On the problem of the most efficient tests of statistical hypotheses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 231, 289–337. · DOI 10.1098/rsta.1933.0009
- Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994). Statistics notes: Diagnostic tests 1: sensitivity and specificity. BMJ, 308(6943), 1552. · DOI 10.1136/bmj.308.6943.1552
- Lehmann, E. L., & Romano, J. P. (2005). Testing Statistical Hypotheses (3rd ed.). Springer. · ISBN 0-387-98864-5
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