प्रेक्षणात्मक अभिकल्प

42 विधियाँ इस परिवार में।

विशेष रूप से चयनित

तुलनात्मक अनुप्रस्थ-काट अनुसंधानComparative cross-sectional research is a quantitative observational design that measures and compares characteristics, attitudes, or outcomes across two or more pre-defined groups तुलनात्मक वर्णनात्मक अनुसंधानComparative descriptive research is a non-experimental quantitative design that systematically documents characteristics, attitudes, behaviors, or conditions across two or more nat तुलनात्मक अनुदैर्ध्य अनुसंधानComparative longitudinal research tracks two or more distinct groups across multiple time points, enabling researchers to observe how outcomes change over time and whether those tr तुलनात्मक पैनल अनुसंधानComparative panel research tracks the same individuals, organizations, or macro-level units (e.g., countries, regions) across multiple time points while simultaneously comparing fi तुलनात्मक प्रवृत्ति अनुसंधानComparative trend research is a quantitative non-experimental design that tracks changes in one or more variables over time within two or more distinct groups or populations. By dr समवर्ती मामला-केंद्रित मिश्रित विधियाँConcurrent case-focused mixed methods is a research design in which quantitative and qualitative data are collected simultaneously — rather than in sequence — and both strands are

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इस विषय की सर्वाधिक उद्धृत आधारभूत पद्धतियाँ, उनके विकास के क्रम में — यदि आप यहाँ नए हैं तो आरम्भ करने का स्थान।

Longitudinal Quantitative Content Analysis1950s onward; longitudinal application widely adopted in media research by the 1970s–1980sDeveloped within communication and media studies; codified by Berelson (1952) and extended by Riffe, Lacy, Fico द्वारा
अनुदैर्ध्य सर्वेक्षण अनुसंधानMid-20th century (formalized ~1950s–1970s)Survey methodology tradition; codified in social sciences by scholars including W.S. Robinson (1950) and later Scott Menard द्वारा
प्रवृत्ति अनुसंधानMid-20th century (formalised in social science methodology ~1950s–1960s)Earl Babbie and survey research tradition द्वारा
लॉन्गीटूडिनल कॉज़ल-कम्पेरेटिव रिसर्च1970s–1980s (as an established combined design in educational and social research)Synthesized from causal-comparative tradition (Kerlinger, 1973) and longitudinal design frameworks (Goldstein, 1979) द्वारा
अनुदैर्ध्य पुष्टिकारी अनुसंधान1970s onward; consolidated in SEM literature from 1990sSynthesized from longitudinal design traditions (e.g., Baltes & Nesselroade, 1979) and confirmatory analytic frameworks (Joreskog, 1969) द्वारा
अनुदैर्ध्य मॉडल परीक्षण अनुसंधान1970s–1990s (SEM foundations by Joreskog 1970; longitudinal SEM elaborated through 1990s–2000s)Synthesized from longitudinal panel design and SEM tradition (Joreskog, Bollen, Singer & Willett) द्वारा
पैनल अनुसंधान1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940sSocial science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s द्वारा
अनुदैर्ध्य अनुसंधानLate 19th–early 20th century; methodologically codified through the 20th centuryNo single originator; foundational methodological treatments by Stuart Menard and Judith Singer & John Willett द्वारा

इस खण्ड की सभी पद्धतियाँ ↓

सभी विधियाँ 42

अनुसंधान अभिकल्प और रणनीति में और

प्रश्न, सिद्धांत और ढाँचे 192 प्रयोगात्मक और अर्ध-प्रयोगात्मक 106