مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	پژوهش عملی آموزشی	مشاهده کلاسی	پژوهش مبتنی بر طراحی	قوم‌نگاری	مطالعه درس
حوزه	روش‌های میدانی	روش‌های میدانی	روش‌های میدانی	کیفی	روش‌های میدانی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
سال پیدایش	1940s (Lewin); educational context developed 1970s–1980s	1960s (Flanders Interaction Analysis); refined through 1990s–2000s	1992	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	Late 19th century Japan; international dissemination from 1999
پدیدآور	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations); Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott (educational adaptation)	Ned Flanders (systematic interaction analysis); Robert Pianta et al. (CLASS system)	Ann L. Brown and Allan Collins (independently, 1992)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Japanese elementary school teachers (formalized); introduced to Western research by James Stigler & James Hiebert
نوع	Participatory qualitative research design	Qualitative and quantitative observational research	Interventionist qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Collaborative practitioner inquiry / professional development research
منبع بنیادین	Elliott, J. (1991). Action Research for Educational Change. Open University Press. ISBN: 978-0335096190	Flanders, N. A. (1970). Analyzing Teaching Behavior. Addison-Wesley.	Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (1999). The Teaching Gap: Best Ideas from the World's Teachers for Improving Education in the Classroom. Free Press. ISBN: 978-0684852744
نام‌های دیگر	EAR, practitioner research, teacher action research, classroom action research	classroom observation research, structured classroom observation, instructional observation, lesson observation	DBR, design research, design experiment, educational design research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	Jugyou Kenkyuu, LS, collaborative lesson research, teaching study
مرتبط	6	6	6	5	5
خلاصه	Educational action research is a cyclical, practitioner-led inquiry method in which educators systematically investigate a problem or opportunity in their own classroom or school, implement a change, observe its effects, and reflect on findings to guide the next cycle. Rooted in Kurt Lewin's action research framework and developed for educational contexts by Lawrence Stenhouse and John Elliott, it bridges the gap between educational theory and classroom practice by making teachers agents of rigorous inquiry.	Classroom observation is a field research method in which a trained observer systematically watches, documents, and analyzes teaching and learning events as they occur in a real classroom setting. It can be structured (using a predefined coding instrument such as Flanders Interaction Analysis or CLASS), semi-structured, or open-ended (ethnographic notes), and is used across educational research, teacher professional development, school evaluation, and curriculum studies to generate ecologically valid evidence about instructional practice.	Design-based research (DBR) is an iterative, interventionist methodology that simultaneously designs educational interventions and builds theory about how and why those interventions work in authentic, complex settings. Originating in Ann Brown's 1992 classroom experiments and Allan Collins's parallel work, DBR treats the learning environment as both the object of study and the site of theory generation, cycling through design, enactment, analysis, and redesign until both practical improvement and theoretical insight are achieved.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Lesson study is a structured, cyclical form of professional development and educational research in which a team of teachers collaboratively plans a single 'research lesson,' observes it live in a classroom, analyzes student learning in detail, revises the lesson, and shares findings with the broader teaching community. Originating in Japanese elementary schools and brought to international attention by Stigler and Hiebert's 1999 comparative study, it has become one of the most widely adopted teacher-led inquiry methods worldwide.