Process / pipelineSelf-report questionnaire
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20-item standard version is one of the most widely used instruments for measuring emotion in research and clinical contexts.
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Sources
- Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 ↗
- Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule—expanded form. University of Iowa. link ↗