পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	কয়েন্ট্রিগ্রেশন টেস্ট (জোহানসেন / এঙ্গেল-গ্র্যাঞ্জার)	ARDL বাউন্ডস টেস্ট (পেসারান বাউন্ডস টেস্ট)	ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) মডেল	গ্র্যাঞ্জার কার্যকারণ পরীক্ষা	ভেক্টর অটো রিগ্রেশন (VAR) মডেল
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি	অর্থমিতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
উদ্ভবের বছর	1988	2001	2015	1969	2005
প্রবর্তক	Engle & Granger (1987); Johansen (1988)	Pesaran, Shin & Smith	Box & Jenkins (Box-Jenkins methodology)	Clive W. J. Granger	Lütkepohl (textbook treatment); Sims (1980) macroeconometric tradition
ধরন	Time-series cointegration test	Cointegration test / Autoregressive distributed lag model	Univariate time-series model	Time-series predictive causality test	Multivariate time-series model
মৌলিক উৎস	Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254.	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.	Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C. & Ljung, G. M. (2015). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118675021	Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica, 37(3), 424-438.	Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer.
অপর নাম	Johansen cointegration test, Engle-Granger cointegration test, long-run equilibrium test, Eşbütünleşme Testi (Johansen/Engle-Granger)	Pesaran bounds test, bounds testing approach, ARDL cointegration test, ARDL Sınır Testi (Pesaran Bounds Test)	Box-Jenkins model, ARIMA(p,d,q), ARIMA Modeli	Granger causality test, Granger non-causality test, predictive causality test, Granger Nedensellik Testi	vector autoregression, VAR, VAR Modeli (Vektör Otoregresyon), vektör otoregresyon
সম্পর্কিত	5	4	5	5	4
সারসংক্ষেপ	The cointegration test examines whether non-stationary time series that each contain a unit root share a stable long-run equilibrium relationship. The single-equation residual approach was introduced by Engle and Granger (1987) and the system-based rank approach by Johansen (1988).	The ARDL bounds test is an autoregressive distributed lag method that tests for a cointegrating (long-run level) relationship between time series, introduced by Pesaran, Shin and Smith in 2001. Unlike the Johansen procedure, it remains valid whether the variables are I(0), I(1) or a mix of the two, and it is more reliable than Johansen in small samples of roughly 30 to 80 observations.	ARIMA is a univariate time-series forecasting model that combines autoregressive, integrated (differencing), and moving-average components to predict a single continuous series from its own past. It is the centrepiece of the Box-Jenkins methodology set out in Box, Jenkins, Reinsel & Ljung's Time Series Analysis (5th ed., 2015).	The Granger causality test, introduced by Clive W. J. Granger in 1969, assesses whether the past values of one time series help predict another beyond what the latter's own past already explains. It defines causality in a strictly predictive sense rather than as a structural or physical cause.	Vector Autoregression is a multivariate time-series model that treats several interdependent series symmetrically, letting each variable depend on its own past values and the past values of all the others. It is the standard tool for capturing mutual causality and joint dynamics, developed in the modern multiple-time-series tradition treated by Lütkepohl (2005).