方法对比

	筛查试验评估	病例对照研究
领域	流行病学	流行病学
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1968 (Wilson-Jungner principles); statistical framework developed 1970s–2000s	1950s (formal methodology); precursors in the 1920s
提出者	Wilson & Jungner (WHO criteria, 1968); foundational work by Pepe, Altman, and others in statistical test evaluation	Janet Lane-Claypon (early precursors, 1926); formalized by Brian MacMahon and Jerome Cornfield in the 1950s–1960s
类型	Observational diagnostic / epidemiological evaluation design	Observational analytic study design
开创性文献	Wilson, J. M. G., & Jungner, G. (1968). Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. World Health Organization. Public Health Papers No. 34.	Schlesselman, J.J. (1982). Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195027860
别名	screening study, screening performance evaluation, screening accuracy assessment, STE	case-referent study, case-control design, retrospective case-control, case-control analysis
相关	6	6
摘要	Screening test evaluation is a systematic epidemiological approach for assessing whether a test or program can accurately and cost-effectively identify individuals with a condition before symptoms appear. It quantifies diagnostic performance metrics — sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and the ROC curve — and evaluates whether a screening program meets established public health criteria for adoption and harm-benefit balance.	A case-control study is a retrospective observational design in which individuals who have developed a disease or outcome of interest (cases) are compared with individuals who have not (controls) to determine whether prior exposure to a putative risk factor differs between the two groups. The primary measure of association is the odds ratio, which approximates the relative risk when the outcome is rare. Case-control studies are especially efficient for investigating rare diseases and generating etiological hypotheses.