方法对比

	丰富图像（Rich Picture）	SODA – 战略选项开发与分析（认知图谱法）	软系统方法论 (SSM)
领域	问题结构化	问题结构化	问题结构化
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1981	1988	1981
提出者	Peter Checkland	Colin Eden	Peter Checkland
类型	Diagrammatic problem-structuring tool	Qualitative / participatory	Interpretive problem-structuring methodology
开创性文献	Checkland, P. (1981). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-27911-2	Eden, C. (1988). Cognitive mapping. European Journal of Operational Research, 36(1), 1–13.	Checkland, P. (1981). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0-471-27911-2
别名	Rich Picture Diagram, Soft Systems Picture, Situation Summary Diagram, Zengin Resim	Cognitive Mapping, Strategic Options Development and Analysis, SODA Method, Bilişsel Haritalama	SSM, Checkland's SSM, Soft Systems Analysis, Yumuşak Sistemler Metodolojisi
相关	3	3	3
摘要	A Rich Picture is a free-form, annotated drawing used in the early exploratory stage of Soft Systems Methodology to represent the full complexity of a problematic situation. Developed by Peter Checkland at Lancaster University, it captures people, roles, concerns, processes, conflicts, and environmental factors in a single visual canvas. It is used primarily by systems analysts, organizational consultants, and action researchers who need to surface multiple stakeholder perspectives before imposing any formal structure on a messy, ill-defined problem.	Strategic Options Development and Analysis (SODA) is a facilitated, qualitative method for structuring complex organisational problems. Developed by Colin Eden in 1988, it uses cognitive maps — directed graphs of causal constructs — to capture and integrate the subjective views of multiple stakeholders. SODA is most valuable when decision makers face ill-defined, wicked problems where shared understanding must be built before any quantitative analysis can begin.	Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is an interpretive, action-research approach for structuring and managing complex, ill-defined ('soft') problem situations involving human activity. Developed by Peter Checkland at Lancaster University throughout the 1970s and formally presented in 1981, SSM guides practitioners through iterative cycles of inquiry that move from an unstructured problem situation to purposeful action through structured learning rather than optimization.