方法对比
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| 多分类测量不变性× | 差异项目功能 (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| 领域 | 心理测量学 | 心理测量学 |
| 方法族 | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| 起源年份≠ | 2000–2004 | 1970s–1993 |
| 提出者≠ | Roger E. Millsap, Robert J. Vandenberg | William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer |
| 类型≠ | Multi-group confirmatory test | Item-level bias detection |
| 开创性文献≠ | Millsap, R. E. & Kwok, O.-M. (2004). Evaluating the impact of partial factor loading and intercept invariance on selection utility. Psychological Methods, 9(2), 200–215. link ↗ | Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589 |
| 别名 | PMI, ordinal measurement invariance, polytomous factorial invariance, polytomous multi-group measurement invariance | DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias |
| 相关 | 5 | 5 |
| 摘要≠ | Polytomous measurement invariance testing evaluates whether a scale with ordered categorical (polytomous) response options — such as Likert-type items — measures the same latent construct in the same way across two or more groups. It extends classical multi-group CFA invariance testing to properly account for the ordinal nature of item responses, ensuring that group comparisons of latent means or factor structures are substantively valid. | Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development. |
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