方法对比

	德尔菲技术	焦点小组研究	结构化访谈
领域	调查方法论	质性	调查方法论
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1950s–1963	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	1940s–1950s
提出者	Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	Survey research tradition; formalized by Campbell, Katona, and Kahn in mid-20th century
类型	Iterative expert consensus technique	Qualitative data collection method	Quantitative / mixed data collection technique
开创性文献	Dalkey, N., & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458–467.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2000). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed., pp. 645–672). Sage.
别名	Delphi method, Delphi survey, expert consensus method, iterative expert panel	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	standardized interview, formal interview, schedule-based interview, fixed-format interview
相关	6	6	4
摘要	The Delphi technique is a structured, multi-round data collection method that harvests and refines expert opinion through iterative questionnaires and controlled feedback. Developed at RAND Corporation in the 1950s, it is designed to converge a dispersed expert panel toward a reliable consensus on complex, uncertain, or future-oriented questions — without the conformity pressures of face-to-face group discussion.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	A structured interview is a data collection technique in which every participant is asked exactly the same pre-specified questions in the same order, using standardized wording. Because the interview schedule is fixed, responses across participants are directly comparable, enabling quantitative aggregation and statistical analysis. It sits at the most standardized end of the interview continuum, between the self-administered questionnaire and the semi-structured interview.