方法对比

	德尔菲法	行动研究	焦点小组研究
领域	质性	质性研究	质性
方法族	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
起源年份	1963	1946	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s
提出者	Norman Dalkey & Olaf Helmer (RAND Corporation)	Kurt Lewin; expanded by Kemmis, McTaggart, Reason & Bradbury	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger
类型	Structured iterative expert-elicitation process	Method	Qualitative data collection method
开创性文献	Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An Experimental Application of the Delphi Method to the Use of Experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.	Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues, 2(4), 34–46.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244
别名	Delphi Yöntemi, Delphi technique, expert consensus method	Participatory Action Research, PAR, Collaborative Inquiry	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması
相关	5	1	6
摘要	The Delphi method is a structured, iterative survey technique developed by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer at the RAND Corporation in 1963 for eliciting and converging expert opinion on complex topics where empirical data are unavailable or insufficient. It collects independent judgements from a geographically dispersed expert panel over multiple anonymous rounds, feeding aggregated results back to participants after each round so they can revise their views in light of the group's collective position.	Action research is a collaborative research methodology in which researchers work with practitioners and community members to investigate a problem, implement change, and evaluate outcomes, cycling through reflection, action, and learning. Developed by Kurt Lewin (1946), action research bridges research and practice, aiming simultaneously to produce knowledge and practical improvement.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.