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分级反应模型 (GRM)The Graded Response Model is an item response theory model developed by Fumiko Samejima in 1969 for ordered polytomous items such as Likert-type scales. It estimates both the discr序数内容效度评估Ordinal content validity replaces the traditional binary (yes/no) expert relevance judgment with a graded, Likert-type rating scale, allowing richer expert opinion to be captured w有序项目反应理论Ordinal item response theory (ordinal IRT) comprises a family of probabilistic models — most notably the Graded Response Model and the Partial Credit Model — that relate a responde多类别项目功能差异 (Polytomous DIF)Polytomous differential item functioning detects whether a test or survey item with more than two ordered response categories (e.g., Likert-type scales, partial-credit items) funct多项式项目分析Polytomous item analysis examines the psychometric behavior of items that have more than two ordered response categories — such as Likert-type scales or partial-credit tasks. It ev
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