เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การศึกษาความแม่นยำในการวินิจฉัยย้อนหลัง	การศึกษาความแม่นยำในการวินิจฉัยแบบไปข้างหน้า
สาขาวิชา	ระบาดวิทยา	ระบาดวิทยา
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	Formalized 2000s; STARD 2003, revised 2015	Formalized 2000s; practice dates to mid-20th century
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Formalized through the STARD initiative led by Patrick Bossuyt and colleagues	Established through STARD initiative (Bossuyt, Reitsma et al., 2000s)
ประเภท	Observational, retrospective study design	Observational / evaluative study design
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L., ... & Cohen, J. F. (2015). STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	retrospective DAS, retrospective test accuracy study, retrospective index test evaluation, historical diagnostic accuracy study	prospective DTA study, prospective test accuracy study, forward-looking diagnostic study, prospective index test evaluation
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	5	6
สรุป	A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study evaluates how well a diagnostic test (the index test) correctly identifies a target condition by applying it to previously collected data or archived specimens alongside a reference standard. Because both index test results and reference standard results are drawn from existing records or stored material rather than generated prospectively, this design is faster and less costly than a prospective counterpart — but carries specific methodological risks that must be controlled to produce valid estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and related measures.	A prospective diagnostic accuracy study enrolls participants before any test results are known and follows them forward in time to evaluate how well an index test (the test under evaluation) distinguishes individuals with and without a target condition, using a reference standard applied independently. Key accuracy metrics include sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the ROC curve. The prospective design reduces many biases inherent in retrospective test evaluations.