เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การประเมินผลการคัดกรองเชิงรุก	การศึกษาความแม่นยำในการวินิจฉัยแบบไปข้างหน้า
สาขาวิชา	ระบาดวิทยา	ระบาดวิทยา
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1980s–2000s (STARD 2003, updated 2015)	Formalized 2000s; practice dates to mid-20th century
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Formalized through diagnostic accuracy methodology (Sackett, Haynes, Tugwell; STARD initiative)	Established through STARD initiative (Bossuyt, Reitsma et al., 2000s)
ประเภท	Prospective observational study design	Observational / evaluative study design
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., et al. (2015). STARD 2015: An Updated List of Essential Items for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.	Bossuyt, P. M., Reitsma, J. B., Bruns, D. E., Gatsonis, C. A., Glasziou, P. P., Irwig, L., ... & Cohen, J. F. (2015). STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ, 351, h5527.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	prospective diagnostic accuracy study, prospective test performance study, forward-looking screening validation, prospective DTA study	prospective DTA study, prospective test accuracy study, forward-looking diagnostic study, prospective index test evaluation
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	6	6
สรุป	A prospective screening test evaluation enrolls participants before the outcome is known, applies the screening test and the reference standard in temporal sequence, and measures how accurately the test identifies individuals with or without the target condition. This forward-looking design minimizes workup bias and spectrum bias, producing estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values that are more generalizable to real clinical or public-health screening contexts than retrospective alternatives.	A prospective diagnostic accuracy study enrolls participants before any test results are known and follows them forward in time to evaluate how well an index test (the test under evaluation) distinguishes individuals with and without a target condition, using a reference standard applied independently. Key accuracy metrics include sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the ROC curve. The prospective design reduces many biases inherent in retrospective test evaluations.