เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	ความสัมพันธ์เชิงสหสัมพันธ์กับความเป็นเหตุเป็นผล	ค่าพี (P-Value) และนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ
สาขาวิชา	สถิติการวิจัย	สถิติการวิจัย
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1965	1925
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Multiple sources (Bradford Hill, Judea Pearl, Donald Rubin)	Ronald Fisher
ประเภท	Concept	Concept
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0-521-89560-6	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	correlation and causation, causal inference, spurious correlation, confounding	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	4	5
สรุป	Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between two variables; causation implies that changes in one variable directly produce changes in another. A strong correlation (e.g., r = 0.9) does not prove causation. Classic examples abound: shoe size and reading ability are correlated in children (confounded by age), but shoe size does not cause reading ability. Understanding when correlation implies causation requires evaluating study design, confounding variables, temporal precedence, and mechanism. Randomized experiments offer the strongest causal evidence; observational studies must carefully control for confounders.	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).