Linganisha mbinu

	Mfumo wa ARCH wa Mabadiliko ya Kimuundo	Modeli ya TGARCH (Threshold GARCH)
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1982–1990	1993-1994
Mwanzilishi	Engle (1982) for ARCH; Lamoureux & Lastrapes (1990) for break-adjusted variance persistence	Zakoian (1994); Glosten, Jagannathan & Runkle (1993)
Aina	Volatility model with regime change	Asymmetric volatility model
Chanzo asilia	Engle, R. F. (1982). Autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity with estimates of the variance of United Kingdom inflation. Econometrica, 50(4), 987–1007.	Zakoian, J.-M. (1994). Threshold heteroskedastic models. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 18(5), 931-955.
Majina mbadala	ARCH with structural breaks, break-adjusted ARCH, regime-switching ARCH, SB-ARCH	Threshold GARCH, TGARCH, GJR-GARCH, asymmetric GARCH
Zinazohusiana	5	6
Muhtasari	The Structural Break ARCH model extends Engle's (1982) Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity framework by explicitly accounting for abrupt, permanent shifts in the conditional variance process. Ignoring structural breaks in variance causes ARCH parameters to appear spuriously persistent, so incorporating break dummies or regime-specific parameters yields more accurate volatility estimates and better model fit.	The Threshold GARCH (TGARCH) model extends the standard GARCH framework by allowing positive and negative return shocks to have asymmetric effects on conditional variance. Negative shocks — bad news — typically amplify volatility more than positive shocks of the same magnitude, a stylised fact known as the leverage effect. TGARCH captures this asymmetry through a threshold indicator that switches on when the previous period's shock was negative.