Linganisha mbinu

	EXAFS	ATR-FTIR	XANES
Nyanja	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1971	1961	1975
Mwanzilishi	Edward Stern	Joop Fahrenfort	Peter Lee
Aina	Synchrotron technique	Vibrational spectroscopy technique	Synchrotron technique
Chanzo asilia	Sayers, D. E., Stern, E. A., & Lytle, F. W. (1971). New technique for investigating noncrystalline structures: Fourier analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure. Physical Review Letters, 27(18), 1204-1207.	Harrick, N. J. (1960). Study of physics of internal reflection from metals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 13(2), 143-155.	Lee, P. A., & Pendry, J. B. (1975). Theory of extended x-ray absorption fine structure. Physical Review B, 11(8), 2795-2811.
Majina mbadala	EXAFS spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy	ATR-IR, attenuated total reflectance, FTIR spectroscopy	XANES spectroscopy, near-edge X-ray absorption
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) is a synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy technique that measures the local geometric and electronic structure around a specific atom in any material, crystal or amorphous. Discovered by Sayers, Stern, and Lytle in 1971, EXAFS reveals interatomic distances, coordination numbers, and disorder in the atomic environment by analyzing oscillations in the X-ray absorption spectrum above an absorption edge.	Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a variant of conventional FTIR that measures infrared absorption through evanescent-wave interrogation of samples in direct contact with a high-refractive-index crystal. Developed by Harrick and Fahrenfort in the 1960s, ATR-FTIR is now the dominant form of FTIR spectroscopy, enabling rapid, non-destructive characterization of organic compounds, polymers, coatings, and biological materials without extensive sample preparation.	X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) is a synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy technique that measures the electronic and geometric structure around a specific atom by analyzing the X-ray absorption spectrum within about 50 eV of an absorption edge. Developed by Lee and Pendry in 1975, XANES is complementary to EXAFS and reveals valence state, local symmetry, and unoccupied orbital structure through near-threshold features and resonances.