Linganisha mbinu

	Sampuli Pacha	Sampuli yenye Safu Iliyoainishwa	Uchanganuzi Mfuatano (Muundo Mfuatano wa Kikundi)
Nyanja	Usampulishaji	Usampulishaji	Takwimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Hypothesis test
Mwaka wa asili	1938	1952	1977
Mwanzilishi	Jerzy Neyman	Glenn A. McIntyre	P. C. O'Brien & T. R. Fleming; P. C. Pocock
Aina	Multi-phase sampling design	Sampling design methodology	Sequential / adaptive hypothesis test
Chanzo asilia	Neyman, J. (1938). Contribution to the theory of sampling human populations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 33(201), 101–116.	McIntyre, G. A. (1952). A method for unbiased selective sampling using ranked sets. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(4), 385–390.	O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556.
Majina mbadala	Two-Phase Sampling	RSS	sequential testing, group sequential design, interim analysis, Sıralı Analiz (Sequential Testing / Group Sequential Design)
Zinazohusiana	4	4	5
Muhtasari	Double Sampling (also called two-phase or multistage sampling) is a survey design in which a large preliminary sample is collected using inexpensive methods or partial information, then a smaller subsample is drawn from it and measured in detail. Pioneered by Jerzy Neyman in 1938, it is particularly useful when a cheap surrogate measurement is available but true measurement is expensive.	Ranked Set Sampling (RSS) is a data collection method introduced by G. A. McIntyre in 1952 that improves estimation efficiency when visual ranking of units is easier or cheaper than actual measurement. By deliberately selecting and measuring units that are ranked as most likely to yield desired outcomes, RSS reduces variance compared to simple random sampling while maintaining unbiasedness.	Sequential analysis is a framework for conducting hypothesis tests with pre-planned interim looks at accumulating data, allowing a study to stop early for efficacy or futility while controlling the overall Type I error rate. The group sequential approach was formalised by Pocock (1977) and O'Brien and Fleming (1979), and remains the standard for confirmatory clinical trials and rigorous A/B experiments.