Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Sampuli Pacha× | Uchanganuzi Mfuatano (Muundo Mfuatano wa Kikundi)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja≠ | Usampulishaji | Takwimu |
| Familia≠ | Process / pipeline | Hypothesis test |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1938 | 1977 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Jerzy Neyman | P. C. O'Brien & T. R. Fleming; P. C. Pocock |
| Aina≠ | Multi-phase sampling design | Sequential / adaptive hypothesis test |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Neyman, J. (1938). Contribution to the theory of sampling human populations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 33(201), 101–116. DOI ↗ | O'Brien, P.C. & Fleming, T.R. (1979). A Multiple Testing Procedure for Clinical Trials. Biometrics, 35(3), 549–556. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | Two-Phase Sampling | sequential testing, group sequential design, interim analysis, Sıralı Analiz (Sequential Testing / Group Sequential Design) |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Double Sampling (also called two-phase or multistage sampling) is a survey design in which a large preliminary sample is collected using inexpensive methods or partial information, then a smaller subsample is drawn from it and measured in detail. Pioneered by Jerzy Neyman in 1938, it is particularly useful when a cheap surrogate measurement is available but true measurement is expensive. | Sequential analysis is a framework for conducting hypothesis tests with pre-planned interim looks at accumulating data, allowing a study to stop early for efficacy or futility while controlling the overall Type I error rate. The group sequential approach was formalised by Pocock (1977) and O'Brien and Fleming (1979), and remains the standard for confirmatory clinical trials and rigorous A/B experiments. |
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