Krahasoni metodat

	Modelet me kujtesë të gjatë (ARFIMA, FIGARCH)	Model ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average)	Analiza e të dhënave me frekuencë të lartë dhe mikrostrukturës së tregut	Regresioni me Mënyrën më të Vogël të Katrorëve (OLS)
Fusha	Financë	Ekonometri	Financë	Ekonometri
Familja	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Viti i origjinës	1980	2015	2007	2019
Krijuesi	Granger & Joyeux (ARFIMA); Baillie, Bollerslev & Mikkelsen (FIGARCH)	Box & Jenkins (Box-Jenkins methodology)	Hasbrouck (2007); Aït-Sahalia & Jacod (2014)	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares
Lloji	Fractionally integrated time series model	Univariate time-series model	Market microstructure / high-frequency econometrics	Linear regression
Burimi themelues	Granger, C. W. J. & Joyeux, R. (1980). An Introduction to Long-Memory Time Series Models and Fractional Differencing. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 1(1), 15-29.	Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C. & Ljung, G. M. (2015). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118675021	Hasbrouck, J. (2007). Empirical Market Microstructure: The Institutions, Economics, and Econometrics of Securities Trading. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195301649	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860
Emërtime të tjera	ARFIMA, FIGARCH, fractionally integrated models, fractional integration	Box-Jenkins model, ARIMA(p,d,q), ARIMA Modeli	market microstructure, high-frequency financial econometrics, tick data analysis, Yüksek Frekanslı Veri ve Piyasa Mikro Yapısı	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu
Të lidhura	4	5	5	5
Përmbledhja	Long-memory models are fractional-integration methods that capture genuine long memory through a hyperbolically decaying autocorrelation structure. ARFIMA, introduced by Granger and Joyeux (1980), models long memory in return series, while FIGARCH, introduced by Baillie, Bollerslev and Mikkelsen (1996), captures long memory in volatility series; the parameter d measures the degree of fractional integration.	ARIMA is a univariate time-series forecasting model that combines autoregressive, integrated (differencing), and moving-average components to predict a single continuous series from its own past. It is the centrepiece of the Box-Jenkins methodology set out in Box, Jenkins, Reinsel & Ljung's Time Series Analysis (5th ed., 2015).	Market microstructure analysis studies how prices form from tick-level trade and quote data, examining order-book dynamics, the bid-ask spread, and price discovery. The modern econometric framework was set out by Hasbrouck (2007) and extended for high-frequency data by Aït-Sahalia and Jacod (2014).	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).