Krahasoni metodat

	Testet kufizash ARDL (Testet kufizash të autoregresionit me vonesë)	Model ARIMA (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average)	Regresioni me Mënyrën më të Vogël të Katrorëve (OLS)	Modeli i Autoregresionit Vektorial (VAR)
Fusha	Ekonometri	Ekonometri	Ekonometri	Ekonometri
Familja	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Viti i origjinës	2001	2015	2019	2005
Krijuesi	Pesaran, Shin & Smith	Box & Jenkins (Box-Jenkins methodology)	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Lütkepohl (textbook treatment); Sims (1980) macroeconometric tradition
Lloji	Cointegration test / Autoregressive distributed lag model	Univariate time-series model	Linear regression	Multivariate time-series model
Burimi themelues	Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.	Box, G. E. P., Jenkins, G. M., Reinsel, G. C. & Ljung, G. M. (2015). Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control (5th ed.). Wiley. ISBN: 978-1118675021	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Lütkepohl, H. (2005). New Introduction to Multiple Time Series Analysis. Springer.
Emërtime të tjera	Pesaran bounds test, bounds testing approach, ARDL cointegration test, ARDL Sınır Testi (Pesaran Bounds Test)	Box-Jenkins model, ARIMA(p,d,q), ARIMA Modeli	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	vector autoregression, VAR, VAR Modeli (Vektör Otoregresyon), vektör otoregresyon
Të lidhura	4	5	5	4
Përmbledhja	The ARDL bounds test is an autoregressive distributed lag method that tests for a cointegrating (long-run level) relationship between time series, introduced by Pesaran, Shin and Smith in 2001. Unlike the Johansen procedure, it remains valid whether the variables are I(0), I(1) or a mix of the two, and it is more reliable than Johansen in small samples of roughly 30 to 80 observations.	ARIMA is a univariate time-series forecasting model that combines autoregressive, integrated (differencing), and moving-average components to predict a single continuous series from its own past. It is the centrepiece of the Box-Jenkins methodology set out in Box, Jenkins, Reinsel & Ljung's Time Series Analysis (5th ed., 2015).	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Vector Autoregression is a multivariate time-series model that treats several interdependent series symmetrically, letting each variable depend on its own past values and the past values of all the others. It is the standard tool for capturing mutual causality and joint dynamics, developed in the modern multiple-time-series tradition treated by Lütkepohl (2005).