Salīdzināt metodes

	Strukturālā vienādojumu modelēšana (SEM)	Apstiprinošā faktoru analīze (AFA)
Nozare	Statistika	Psihometrija
Saime	Latent structure	Latent structure
Izcelsmes gads	1970	1969
Autors	Karl Jöreskog (LISREL framework, 1970s)	Karl Gustav Jöreskog
Tips	Latent variable / causal modeling	Hypothesis-testing latent variable model
Pirmavots	Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1473756540	Jöreskog, K. G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34(2), 183–202.
Citi nosaukumi	Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (SEM), structural equation modelling, covariance structure analysis, latent variable modeling	CFA, confirmatory FA, measurement model, restricted factor analysis
Saistītās	5	4
Kopsavilkums	Structural equation modeling is a multivariate statistical framework that simultaneously estimates a measurement model — relating observed indicators to latent constructs — and a structural model specifying directional or reciprocal relationships among those constructs. Rooted in the LISREL tradition developed by Karl Jöreskog in the 1970s, SEM is the standard tool for testing complex theoretical models in the social, behavioural, and management sciences.	Confirmatory factor analysis tests a researcher-specified factor structure against observed data. Unlike exploratory approaches, the researcher decides in advance which indicators load on which latent factor, and the model is evaluated by how closely the implied covariance matrix reproduces the sample covariance matrix. CFA is central to scale validation, construct validity assessment, and measurement invariance testing.