방법 비교

	순차적 변혁적 혼합 연구 설계	다수준 혼합 방법 설계
분야	연구설계	연구설계
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2003–2007 (Mertens 2003; Creswell & Plano Clark 2007)	Late 1990s–2000s
창시자	Donna M. Mertens (transformative framework); John W. Creswell & Vicki L. Plano Clark (mixed methods typology)	Bonnie Nastasi, John Hitchcock, and collaborators; systematized by Creswell & Plano Clark
유형	Mixed methods research design	Mixed methods research design
원전	Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transformative Research and Evaluation. Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1593856670	Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2018). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-1483357829
별칭	sequential transformative design, transformative sequential MMR, Seq-TRAN mixed methods, sequential transformative research	multilevel MMR, nested mixed methods, hierarchical mixed methods design, cross-level mixed methods
관련	5	5
요약	Sequential transformative mixed methods design combines the temporal structure of sequential mixed methods — collecting qualitative and quantitative data in two distinct, ordered phases — with a transformative theoretical framework that centres social justice, equity, and the perspectives of marginalized communities. Either the qualitative or the quantitative phase may come first; the sequence is determined by what the transformative research question demands. The design is guided by the work of Donna Mertens and is systematized in the Creswell and Plano Clark mixed methods typology.	Multilevel mixed methods design is a research approach that collects and integrates both quantitative and qualitative data at two or more distinct levels of a social or organizational hierarchy — for example, individuals nested within classrooms, classrooms within schools, or patients within healthcare teams. By pairing quantitative measurement of outcomes at one level with qualitative exploration of meaning at another, researchers gain a richer, more complete picture than either strand alone could provide.