방법 비교

	위험 조정된 3상 임상시험	적응형 무작위 배정 임상시험
분야	역학	역학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1980s–present	Late 1990s–2000s (widespread adoption post-2010)
창시자	Evolving practice; foundational risk-adjustment principles established by Pocock (1983) and extended by numerous trialists	Donald Berry and colleagues; formalized by FDA guidance in 2010 and 2019
유형	Confirmatory randomized trial with baseline risk stratification and covariate adjustment	Experimental clinical trial design
원전	Pocock, S. J. (1983). Clinical Trials: A Practical Approach. Wiley. ISBN: 978-0471901556	Berry, D. A. (2006). Bayesian clinical trials. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5(1), 27–36.
별칭	risk-stratified Phase III trial, covariate-adjusted Phase III RCT, risk-adjusted confirmatory trial, RA-Phase III	adaptive RCT, adaptive trial design, response-adaptive randomization trial, adaptive clinical trial
관련	6	6
요약	A risk-adjusted Phase III clinical trial is a large-scale confirmatory randomized experiment that explicitly incorporates participants' baseline prognostic risk profile into both the randomization process and the primary statistical analysis. By stratifying patients on known risk factors before allocation and adjusting for those factors in the outcome model, the design achieves greater statistical precision, reduces confounding, and produces treatment effect estimates that are more clinically meaningful across patient subgroups.	An adaptive randomized clinical trial (adaptive RCT) is a prospective experimental study that uses pre-specified rules to modify one or more trial aspects — such as sample size, allocation ratios, or treatment arms — based on accumulating data collected during the trial itself, while maintaining statistical validity and integrity of the study.