방법 비교

	다기관 4상 연구	무작위 임상시험 (RCT)
분야	역학	역학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1980s–1990s (formalized with post-marketing requirements in modern drug regulation)	1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)
창시자	Regulatory agencies and pharmaceutical industry (ICH E2E, FDA, EMA post-marketing frameworks)	Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team
유형	Observational or interventional post-marketing study	Interventional experimental study
원전	Strom, B. L., & Kimmel, S. E. (Eds.). (2005). Textbook of Pharmacoepidemiology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0470029619	Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185385
별칭	multicenter post-marketing study, multicenter pharmacovigilance study, multi-site phase IV study, post-authorization safety study	RCT, randomized controlled trial, randomised controlled trial, clinical randomized trial
관련	6	6
요약	A multicenter Phase IV study is a post-marketing surveillance investigation conducted simultaneously at two or more clinical or research sites after a drug, device, or intervention has received regulatory approval. By pooling real-world data from diverse patient populations and geographic regions, it detects rare adverse events, evaluates long-term effectiveness, characterizes safety in subgroups, and fulfills regulatory post-authorization commitments that single-site studies cannot achieve.	A randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group, then followed prospectively to compare outcomes. Random allocation is the defining feature: it distributes known and unknown confounders across groups by chance, making the RCT the strongest individual study design for establishing causal efficacy of a treatment or intervention under controlled conditions.