방법 비교

	우울 불안 스트레스 척도-21 (DASS-21)	역학 연구 센터 우울증 척도 (CES-D)	일반건강설문-12 (GHQ-12)	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)
분야	임상심리학	임상심리학	임상심리학	임상심리학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1995	1977	1992	1959
창시자	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg	Max Hamilton
유형	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment
원전	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.
별칭	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ	HAM-A, HARS
관련	5	5	5	5
요약	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.