방법 비교

	우울 불안 스트레스 척도-21 (DASS-21)	역학 연구 센터 우울증 척도 (CES-D)	일반건강설문-12 (GHQ-12)
분야	임상심리학	임상심리학	임상심리학
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1995	1977	1992
창시자	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	David P. Goldberg
유형	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Community-based depression assessment	Psychiatric symptom screening
원전	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.
별칭	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	CES-D, CESD	GHQ-12, GHQ
관련	5	5	5
요약	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.