방법 비교

	집락 무작위 현장 실험	야외 실험
분야	실험설계	실험설계
계열	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	1980s–1990s (formalized methodology)	1920s–1930s (agriculture); 1990s–2000s (social sciences)
창시자	David M. Murray (group-randomized trials framework); applied broadly in public health and education research	Formalized by R. A. Fisher (1935); systematized in social sciences by Harrison & List (2004)
유형	Randomized experimental design	Experimental design
원전	Murray, D. M. (1998). Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials. Oxford University Press. ISBN: 978-0195120424	Harrison, G. W., & List, J. A. (2004). Field experiments. Journal of Economic Literature, 42(4), 1009–1055.
별칭	CRFE, cluster-randomized trial in the field, group-randomized field experiment, community-randomized field experiment	field trial, natural field experiment, randomized field experiment, field RCT
관련	4	5
요약	A cluster randomized field experiment (CRFE) assigns intact groups — schools, villages, clinics, workplaces — rather than individuals to treatment or control conditions, and the experiment is conducted in real-world settings rather than a laboratory. Randomization at the group level controls for contamination between conditions while preserving the ecological validity of the natural environment. It is the dominant design for evaluating community-level, school-based, or workplace interventions in public health, education policy, and development economics.	A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with high internal validity while preserving a level of ecological realism that laboratory settings cannot offer. The design is especially prominent in economics, public health, political science, and development research.