방법 비교

	능동 학습	불확실성 정량화
분야	머신러닝	시뮬레이션
계열	Machine learning	Process / pipeline
기원 연도	2009	Seminal modern form: 2002
창시자	Burr Settles	Norbert Wiener (polynomial chaos, 1938); extended to Wiener–Askey scheme by Xiu & Karniadakis (2002)
유형	Interactive supervised learning framework	Computational uncertainty analysis framework
원전	Settles, B. (2009). Active learning literature survey. University of Wisconsin-Madison Computer Sciences Technical Report 1648.	Xiu, D. & Karniadakis, G.E. (2002). The Wiener-Askey Polynomial Chaos for Stochastic Differential Equations. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 24(2), 619–644.
별칭	Query Learning, Optimal Experimental Design (ML context), Pool-Based Active Learning, Aktif Öğrenme	UQ, polynomial chaos expansion, PCE, Kriging surrogate
관련	2	9
요약	Active learning is an iterative machine-learning paradigm in which a learning algorithm selectively queries an oracle — typically a human annotator — for labels on the most informative unlabeled examples. Formalized by Burr Settles in his seminal 2009 literature survey, active learning addresses the practical bottleneck of annotation cost by achieving high model accuracy with far fewer labeled examples than passive supervised learning requires.	Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is a computational framework for systematically measuring how uncertainty in the inputs of a model propagates into uncertainty in its outputs. Building on Wiener's polynomial chaos theory (1938) and formalised for general stochastic problems by Xiu and Karniadakis (2002), UQ uses two primary strategies: Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE), which represents the model output as a series of orthogonal polynomials matched to the input distributions, and Kriging (Gaussian process) surrogates, which replace an expensive simulation with a fast statistical approximation fitted to a small set of carefully chosen runs.