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手法統計学1,836 人工知能・機械学習1,661 意思決定科学932 研究方法1,354 測定1,745 因果とエビデンス532 研究実践118

814 件の手法 · 研究方法クリア

フィルターに一致する実在の手法。

並べ替え人気順 A–Z Z–A 新着順

experimental design

Factorial Control Group Experimental Design

A factorial control group experimental design crosses two or more independent variables (factors) in a fully factorial structure while including at least one condition that serves as a no-treatment or standard-treatment control. This allows researchers to simultaneously estimate the main effect of each factor, their in

2件の出典1926

experimental design

Factorial Field Experiment

A factorial field experiment applies factorial experimental design — simultaneously manipulating two or more independent factors across all combinations of their levels — in a real-world field setting rather than a controlled laboratory. It allows researchers to estimate both main effects and interaction effects of mul

2件の出典1920

experimental design

Factorial Laboratory Experiment

A factorial laboratory experiment is a controlled experimental design in which two or more independent variables (factors) are simultaneously manipulated, each at two or more levels, within a laboratory setting. This design allows researchers to estimate both the individual main effect of each factor and the interactio

2件の出典1926

experimental design

Factorial Multi-Arm Experiment

A factorial multi-arm experiment simultaneously tests multiple factors (each at two or more levels) by assigning participants to distinct arms that represent unique combinations of those factors. This design efficiently estimates the independent main effects of each factor and their interactions, all within a single st

2件の出典1926

experimental design

Factorial Natural Experiment

A factorial natural experiment exploits naturally occurring exogenous variation across two or more factors simultaneously, allowing researchers to estimate main effects and interactions without random assignment. Natural events, policy changes, or institutional rules create treatment conditions that approximate a facto

2件の出典1920

experimental design

Factorial Pretest-Posttest Experimental Design

A factorial pretest-posttest experimental design combines the simultaneous manipulation of two or more independent variables (factors) with measurement of the dependent variable both before and after treatment. This structure allows researchers to assess the main effect of each factor, all possible interaction effects

2件の出典1963

experimental design

Factorial Randomized Controlled Trial

A factorial randomized controlled trial (factorial RCT) is an experimental design in which participants are randomly assigned to every possible combination of two or more independent factors (treatments or intervention components) simultaneously. This allows researchers to estimate the main effect of each factor and th

2件の出典1926

experimental design

Factorial Single-Subject Experimental Design

A factorial single-subject experimental design applies the logic of factorial experiments — manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously to study main effects and interactions — within a single-subject (N=1 or small N) repeated-measures framework. Instead of comparing groups, the same individual serves

2件の出典1970

experimental design

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a structured, proactive risk management technique used to identify potential failure modes in a system, process, or product design, evaluate their consequences, and prioritize corrective actions before failures occur. Originally developed for the U.S. military in 1949 and lat

2件の出典1949

Feminist Research Methodology

Feminist research methodology is a qualitative approach grounded in feminist theory that centres gender, power, and social justice as core analytical lenses. It challenges claims of value-free objectivity, foregrounds the voices and experiences of marginalized groups — particularly women — and explicitly positions the

2件の出典1970

experimental design

Field Experiment

A field experiment applies the logic of a randomized controlled trial in a naturally occurring, real-world environment rather than an artificial laboratory. Participants are randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions while going about everyday activities, allowing researchers to estimate causal effects with

2件の出典1920

Field-based autoethnography

Field-based autoethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a specific physical or social setting and draws on their own lived experience within that field to produce analytically reflexive accounts. It blends the systematic observational practices of ethnographic fieldwo

2件の出典1990

Field-based case study

A field-based case study is a qualitative research design that investigates a bounded phenomenon — a case — within its real-world, natural setting through sustained on-site data collection. Combining the analytical structure of case study methodology with the direct observational immersion of fieldwork, it enables rich

2件の出典1970

Field-based classic grounded theory

Field-based classic grounded theory applies Barney Glaser's original (Glaserian) grounded theory method within naturalistic, in-situ settings — combining sustained field immersion with the classic GT emphasis on emergence, theoretical sensitivity, and the constant comparative method. The researcher enters the social sc

2件の出典1967

Field-based constructivist grounded theory

Field-based constructivist grounded theory integrates Kathy Charmaz's constructivist grounded theory with active fieldwork in natural settings. Rather than relying solely on retrospective interviews, the researcher enters the participants' world — observing, interacting, and collecting data where social processes unfol

2件の出典2000

Field-based Content Analysis

Field-based content analysis is a qualitative analytic approach that systematically examines documents, artifacts, and texts encountered or produced within a natural field setting. Originally formulated by David Altheide as ethnographic content analysis (ECA), it blends the systematic rigor of traditional content analy

2件の出典1987

Field-based Conversation Analysis

Field-based conversation analysis (field CA) applies the rigorous sequential-analytic methods of conversation analysis to talk and interaction recorded in real-world settings — workplaces, clinics, classrooms, and public spaces — rather than to pre-existing corpora or laboratory data. By combining sustained fieldwork a

2件の出典1960

Field-based Critical Discourse Analysis

Field-based Critical Discourse Analysis (Field-based CDA) integrates Pierre Bourdieu's sociological concept of the field — structured social spaces with their own rules, capital, and positions — with the linguistic and critical tools of Critical Discourse Analysis. The approach examines how language constructs, legitim

2件の出典1999

Field-based digital ethnography

Field-based digital ethnography is a qualitative research design that combines traditional in-person fieldwork with systematic collection and analysis of digital data. Rather than studying online communities in isolation, it traces how social life moves between physical settings and digital spaces, treating both as equ

2件の出典2000

Field-based Discourse Analysis

Field-based discourse analysis integrates Pierre Bourdieu's sociological concept of the field — a structured social space of positions, capital, and struggle — with the close textual methods of discourse analysis. Rather than treating language as a neutral medium, it examines how discourse is produced, circulated, and

2件の出典1980

Field-based Document Analysis

Field-based document analysis is a qualitative strategy in which the researcher enters a real-world setting — a school, clinic, organisation, or community — and systematically collects, authenticates, and analyses documents that are naturally produced and used there. Unlike library-based or archival document analysis,

2件の出典1970

Field-based ethnography

Field-based ethnography is a qualitative research design in which the researcher immerses themselves in a social setting or community over an extended period, observing and participating in everyday life to understand cultural practices, meanings, and social dynamics from an insider perspective. It is the classical for

2件の出典1922

Field-based Grounded Theory

Field-based grounded theory integrates sustained fieldwork — participant observation, field notes, and naturalistic data collection — with the iterative coding and theoretical sampling procedures of classic grounded theory. Where standard grounded theory typically relies on interview transcripts, the field-based varian

2件の出典1967

Field-based hermeneutic phenomenology

Field-based hermeneutic phenomenology investigates the meaning of lived experience by immersing the researcher in the natural setting where participants live, work, or act. Drawing on Heidegger's ontological hermeneutics and van Manen's pedagogical application, it combines sustained fieldwork — observation, conversatio

2件の出典1990

Field-based institutional ethnography

Field-based institutional ethnography (field IE) is a qualitative approach that combines Dorothy Smith's institutional ethnography with sustained, immersive on-site fieldwork. Researchers enter real institutional settings — hospitals, schools, social service offices, prisons — to observe how everyday work practices are

2件の出典1987

Field-based Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

Field-based Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Field IPA) extends standard IPA by embedding data collection within naturalistic field settings. Rather than relying solely on retrospective interviews conducted away from the site of experience, the researcher enters the actual environment — a classroom, clinic, work

2件の出典1999

Field-based Life History Research

Field-based life history research is a qualitative design that combines sustained ethnographic fieldwork with in-depth biographical interviewing to reconstruct how individuals have experienced and given meaning to their lives within particular social, cultural, and historical contexts. Unlike archive-only biographical

2件の出典1920

Field-based Metaphor Analysis

Field-based metaphor analysis is a qualitative method that collects and interprets spontaneous or elicited metaphors from participants in their natural settings. Grounded in Lakoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor theory, it reveals how individuals and communities structure abstract concepts — such as teaching, leader

2件の出典1990

Field-based Multiple Case Study

A field-based multiple case study is a qualitative research design in which the researcher conducts sustained, in-person investigation at two or more bounded real-world sites (the cases), gathering data through direct observation, interviews, and document analysis. By systematically comparing what is found across cases

2件の出典1984

Field-based narrative inquiry

Field-based narrative inquiry is a qualitative research design that investigates human experience by collecting and interpreting stories directly within the natural settings where those experiences unfold. Rooted in Clandinin and Connelly's narrative inquiry framework, it moves the researcher into participants' lived w

2件の出典1990

Field-based netnography

Field-based netnography combines the systematic online community observation of netnography with direct in-person fieldwork. Researchers move between digital spaces and physical sites where the same community or practice exists, triangulating online discourse with face-to-face encounters. This approach is particularly

2件の出典2010

Field-based Oral History

Field-based oral history is a qualitative research design in which in-depth narrative interviews are conducted on-site — at the community, location, or setting that is historically or experientially significant to participants. By situating interviews in the actual field rather than a laboratory or office, the approach

2件の出典1960

Field-based phenomenology

Field-based phenomenology is a qualitative approach that investigates the lived experience of a phenomenon by collecting data in the natural environments where that experience actually unfolds — rather than exclusively in interview rooms. Drawing on the phenomenological tradition of Husserl and Heidegger, and systemati

2件の出典1980

Field-based program evaluation

Field-based program evaluation is an applied research method that assesses the implementation, outcomes, and value of a program by collecting data directly in the natural setting where the program operates. Rather than relying solely on administrative records or remote surveys, evaluators embed themselves in the field

2件の出典1970

Field-based qualitative content analysis

Field-based qualitative content analysis (field QCA) combines systematic, category-driven content analysis with data collected directly in naturalistic settings. Rather than working with pre-existing texts or archived material, the researcher gathers documents, field notes, artifacts, and informal textual records durin

2件の出典1980

Field-based Reflexive Thematic Analysis

Field-based Reflexive Thematic Analysis (field RTA) integrates ethnographic data collection — participant observation, field notes, and naturalistic interviews — with the epistemologically explicit, researcher-centred analytic framework of Braun and Clarke's Reflexive Thematic Analysis. It is used when themes must be g

2件の出典2019

Field-based Semiotic Analysis

Field-based semiotic analysis is a qualitative approach that combines sustained fieldwork observation with systematic semiotic analysis of signs, symbols, and meaning-making practices encountered in a natural setting. Drawing on the social semiotic tradition of Hodge and Kress, the researcher enters a social field, rec

2件の出典1980

Field-based single case study

A field-based single case study is a qualitative research design that investigates one bounded real-world case — an individual, program, organization, event, or community — in its natural setting through sustained first-hand fieldwork. Drawing on Robert Yin's systematic case study logic and Robert Stake's interpretive

2件の出典1984

Field-based Straussian Grounded Theory

Field-based Straussian grounded theory applies the systematic coding procedures of Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory tradition to data generated through sustained fieldwork — direct observation, ethnographic notes, informal conversations, and artefact collection — rather than relying solely on formal interviews. The

2件の出典1990

Field-based visual analysis

Field-based visual analysis is a qualitative approach in which researchers collect and analyze visual materials — photographs, video, diagrams, environmental signs, and spatial arrangements — directly within the natural settings where they are produced and used. By anchoring visual analysis in fieldwork, this method ca

2件の出典1990

Film Narrative Analysis

Film Narrative Analysis is a qualitative method for examining how stories are told through cinematic techniques and structures. Developed from literary narratology and adapted for film studies by scholars like David Bordwell and Mieke Bal, it deconstructs the relationship between story (fabula), plot (sjuzhet), and nar

4件の出典1980

Focus Group

Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research

1件の出典1940

qualitative research

Focus Group Methodology

Focus group discussions are a qualitative research method in which a trained moderator guides a small group (typically 6–12 participants) through structured or semi-structured discussion of a specific topic or product. Developed by Merton and Lazarsfeld in the 1950s for market research, focus groups are now widely used

4件の出典1956

Focused Ethnography

Focused ethnography is a condensed, problem-centred variant of classical ethnography in which a researcher with prior domain knowledge enters a specific social setting for a bounded period — typically days to weeks rather than months or years — to study one clearly defined issue or practice. Developed as a response to

2件の出典1990

Foucauldian Discourse Analysis

Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language, texts, and social practices produce knowledge, construct subjects, and exercise power. Drawing on Michel Foucault's archaeological and genealogical frameworks, FDA investigates the historical and institutional conditions that make

2件の出典1960

experimental design

Fractional Factorial Design

The fractional factorial design is an economical experimental strategy that investigates k factors by running only a carefully chosen 1/2^p fraction of the full 2^k factorial experiment. Formalized by George E. P. Box and J. Stuart Hunter in their landmark 1961 Technometrics paper, it exploits the sparsity-of-effects p

2件の出典1961

experimental design

Fractional Factorial Experiment

A fractional factorial experiment is a resource-efficient experimental design that tests only a carefully chosen fraction of all possible factor-level combinations. By exploiting the principle that high-order interactions are usually negligible, it identifies the main effects and low-order interactions of k factors usi

2件の出典1945

experimental design

Full Factorial Design

A full factorial design is a parametric experimental method in which every combination of factor levels is tested simultaneously, enabling the estimation of all main effects and all interaction effects in a single study. Rooted in R. A. Fisher's foundational work on designed experiments (1926) and systematically develo

2件の出典1926

experimental design

Full Factorial Experiment

A full factorial experiment runs every possible combination of all chosen factor levels, making it the gold standard for simultaneously estimating main effects, two-way interactions, and higher-order interactions among multiple independent variables. Introduced through Ronald Fisher's foundational work on factorial des

2件の出典1926

political sociology

Generalized Trust Scale

The Generalized Trust Scale measures an individual's propensity to trust people in general, particularly strangers with whom they have no direct relationship. Originally developed by Morris Rosenberg in 1956 and later refined by Toshio Yamagishi and colleagues, it has become foundational in research on social capital,

3件の出典1956

Genre Analysis in Film

Genre Analysis in Film is a method for systematically examining how films belong to and innovate within recognizable categories—horror, Western, science fiction, melodrama, comedy—each with characteristic conventions, visual styles, narrative structures, and ideological concerns. Developed through film studies by schol

4件の出典1984

Gestalt Principles Analysis

Gestalt Principles Analysis is a framework for evaluating how visual elements are organized and grouped within a design or image. Originating in early twentieth-century perceptual psychology, this method assesses how principles like proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure guide viewers' perception of coherent wh

3件の出典1923

Golden Ratio Analysis

Golden Ratio Analysis is a method for evaluating compositional balance based on the golden ratio (phi, approximately 1.618), a mathematical proportion found throughout nature and classical art. This analysis assesses whether design elements adhere to golden ratio proportions, which some claim enhance aesthetic appeal a

3件の出典300

qualitative research

Grounded Theory

Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.

3件の出典1967

Hermeneutic Analysis

Hermeneutic analysis is a qualitative interpretive method for uncovering the meaning of texts, documents, spoken discourse, or human actions. Rooted in 19th-century biblical and legal scholarship and systematised by Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Gadamer, and Ricoeur, it operates through the hermeneutic circle: the meaning o

2件の出典1819

Hermeneutic Phenomenology

Hermeneutic phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that investigates the interpreted meaning of lived experience from within the existential conditions that shape it. Rooted in Heidegger's ontology and developed as an empirical method by Max van Manen, it does not seek to bracket or suspend the researcher's u

2件の出典1927

Hermeneutic phenomenology in education research

Hermeneutic phenomenology in education research is a qualitative approach — developed principally by Max van Manen — that investigates the lived, meaning-laden dimensions of educational experience. Drawing on Heidegger's interpretive philosophy and Gadamer's hermeneutics, it asks what it is like, from the inside, to be

2件の出典1990

research design

Hierarchical Quantitative Content Analysis

Hierarchical quantitative content analysis is a systematic method for coding and counting text or media content using nested, tree-structured category schemes. Rather than a flat list of mutually exclusive codes, categories are organized into parent-child levels — broad themes subdivide into specific sub-themes — enabl

2件の出典1980

Historical Archival Research

Historical archival research is a systematic method of investigating the past through the critical examination of primary source documents preserved in archives, libraries, and institutional collections. Researchers locate, access, authenticate, and interpret original records — such as government documents, corresponde

2件の出典1820

HRAF Cross-Cultural Analysis

HRAF (Human Relations Area Files) cross-cultural analysis compares ethnographic data from diverse societies to identify patterns and test hypotheses about human social organization and cultural practices. Developed by George Murdock and colleagues, the method uses a standardized database of ethnographic information cod

2件の出典1967

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