手法を比較

	教育研究における因果関係の感度分析	因果推論のための操作変数（IV）法
分野	因果推論	医療経済学
系統	Regression model	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1983–2002	1990s (modern applications)
提唱者	Paul R. Rosenbaum (formal framework); applied in education research by Briggs and others	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
種類	Causal robustness / bias assessment	Method
原典	Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational Studies (2nd ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-0387989679	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
別名	Rosenbaum sensitivity analysis, hidden-bias sensitivity analysis, causal sensitivity analysis, SA for causal education studies	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
関連	6	3
概要	Sensitivity analysis for causality in education research tests how robust a quasi-experimental finding is to unmeasured confounding. Rather than assuming all bias has been removed, it quantifies how large a hidden bias would need to be to overturn a causal conclusion — a critical safeguard when randomisation is impossible, which is common in educational settings.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.