手法を比較

	フィールドノート――質的研究における観察記録	縦断調査	研究ダイアリー
分野	調査方法論	調査方法論	調査方法論
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	Late 19th century (formalized in 20th century)	1940s (panel survey tradition); longitudinal designs codified mid-20th century	1981 (methodological codification); diary use in research dates to 19th-century anthropology
提唱者	Rooted in 19th-century anthropology and sociology; systematized by ethnographers such as Bronislaw Malinowski and later Robert Emerson et al.	Established tradition; formalized in social science by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues (1940s panel studies)	Robert G. Burgess (systematic methodological treatment)
種類	Qualitative data collection and recording technique	Quantitative / mixed-methods survey design	Qualitative data collection and reflexivity tool
原典	Emerson, R. M., Fretz, R. I., & Shaw, L. L. (1995). Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0226206813	Menard, S. (2002). Longitudinal Research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. ISBN: 978-0761922292	Burgess, R. G. (1981). Keeping a research diary. Cambridge Journal of Education, 11(1), 75–83.
別名	fieldnotes, observational notes, ethnographic notes, jottings	panel survey, repeated-measures survey, longitudinal panel study, wave survey	researcher diary, field diary, research journal, reflexive diary
関連	6	3	6
概要	Field notes are detailed written records created by researchers during or immediately after direct observation in a naturalistic setting. They capture what is seen, heard, and experienced — including behaviors, interactions, physical environments, and the researcher's own analytic impressions — forming the primary data source for ethnographic and observational studies.	A longitudinal survey collects structured questionnaire data from the same individuals or units at two or more distinct points in time. By tracking the same respondents across waves, researchers can distinguish genuine change from stable individual differences, establish temporal ordering between variables, and model trajectories of attitudes, behaviors, or outcomes in ways that a single cross-sectional snapshot cannot support.	A research diary is a systematic, dated log maintained by the researcher throughout a study to record methodological decisions, emergent observations, analytical hunches, and reflections on researcher positionality. Unlike a participant diary, it is authored by the researcher and functions simultaneously as a data source, an audit trail, and a reflexivity instrument.