手法を比較

	データの捏造および改ざん	研究不正行為
分野	研究倫理	研究倫理
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2005	2005
提唱者	U.S. Office of Research Integrity; definitions in federal policy 42 CFR 93	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) / National Science Foundation; International standards via COPE
種類	Standard	Standard
原典	U.S. Office of Research Integrity. (2005). Public Health Service Policy on Research Misconduct. 42 CFR Part 93. Definitions of fabrication and falsification.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity. (2005). Public Health Service Policy on Research Misconduct. 42 CFR Part 93. Federal Register.
別名	FFP Data Violations, Data Integrity Violations	FFP, Research Fraud, Scientific Misconduct
関連	3	3
概要	Data fabrication and falsification are serious forms of research misconduct involving intentional misrepresentation of research data. Fabrication means inventing data that were never actually collected; falsification means altering authentic data to change the meaning. Both undermine scientific integrity, waste research resources, and can harm research subjects and the public. Federal policy (42 CFR Part 93) formally defines these violations; detection is improving through statistical analysis tools and data transparency practices; prevention requires robust data governance and culture of accountability.	Research misconduct comprises intentional or reckless fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, conducting, or reporting research. Formally defined by U.S. federal policy (42 CFR Part 93, Office of Research Integrity), misconduct is distinguished from honest error, negligence, and good-faith disagreements about research methods or interpretation. Misconduct undermines scientific integrity, harms subjects and institutions, wastes research resources, and erodes public trust in science. Allegations are investigated formally with due process; proven misconduct results in sanctions ranging from publication correction to career-ending bans.