手法を比較

	クラスターランダム化適応実験	適応実験
分野	実験計画法	実験計画法
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	2000s–2010s	1940s–1970s (sequential foundations); formalised in clinical and behavioural research by 1980s–2000s
提唱者	Synthesised from cluster randomization methodology (Donner, 1978; Donner & Klar, 2000) and adaptive design frameworks (Bauer & Kohne, 1994; Pallmann et al., 2018)	Abraham Wald (sequential analysis foundation); expanded by Robbins, Armitage, and others
種類	Experimental design	Experimental research design
原典	Hayes, R. J., & Moulton, L. H. (2017). Cluster Randomised Trials (2nd ed.). CRC Press / Chapman & Hall. ISBN: 978-1498728225	Chow, S. C., & Chang, M. (2008). Adaptive Design Methods in Clinical Trials. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN: 978-1584886761
別名	adaptive cluster RCT, adaptive group-randomized trial, cluster adaptive design, adaptive cluster trial	adaptive design, response-adaptive randomization, adaptive trial, adaptive randomization
関連	5	5
概要	A cluster randomized adaptive experiment combines two methodological principles: (1) intact groups such as schools, clinics, or villages are randomly assigned to treatment conditions rather than individuals, and (2) pre-specified rules allow the design to be modified during the trial based on accumulating cluster-level data. Adaptations may include dropping underperforming arms, reallocating clusters, or adjusting sample size, while maintaining statistical validity and controlling Type I error.	An adaptive experiment is an experimental design in which pre-specified rules allow the protocol to be modified — such as reallocating participants to better-performing arms, stopping early for efficacy or futility, or changing sample size — based on accumulating interim data, while maintaining statistical validity. Adaptive designs are widely used in clinical trials, behavioural economics, and online platform testing to improve efficiency and ethics without sacrificing inferential rigour.