手法を比較

	Balanced Scorecard Performance Measure	戦略的志向性尺度
分野	経営戦略論	経営戦略論
系統	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
提唱年	1992	1978
提唱者	Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton	Miles and Snow; extended by Miller and Friesen
種類	Organizational performance measurement and management system	Organizational self-report questionnaire
原典	Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard: Measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, 70(1), 71–79.	Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1978). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. McGraw-Hill.
別名	BSC, Balanced Scorecard Framework, Kaplan-Norton Scorecard	Strategic Posture Scale, Miller-Friesen Framework
関連	5	5
概要	The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a strategic management system that translates organizational strategy into a coherent set of performance measures across four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal Process, and Learning and Growth. Developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992) in Harvard Business Review, the BSC addresses a fundamental management gap: most organizations measure what is easy to measure (financial results) while neglecting what drives results (customer satisfaction, operational efficiency, employee capability). By balancing financial outcomes with non-financial drivers, the BSC enables organizations to understand and manage strategy execution, identify causal relationships between performance drivers, and align organizational actions with strategic objectives.	Strategic Orientation refers to the fundamental approach an organization adopts when competing in its market, encompassing its competitive strategy, market focus, and organizational design. Miles and Snow's (1978) foundational framework identifies four strategic postures: Defenders (focus on stable market segments, operational efficiency, and incremental innovation), Prospectors (pursue new market opportunities, drive innovation, accept higher risk), Analyzers (balance efficiency and innovation, serve established markets while exploring adjacent opportunities), and Reactors (lack clear strategy, respond reactively to environmental pressures). This scale operationalizes Miles and Snow's framework, revealing an organization's strategic type and fit with its environment and structure.