Confronta i metodi

	Metodo del Controllo Sintetico per la Valutazione delle Politiche	Metodo delle Variabili Strumentali (IV) per l'Inferenza Causale
Campo	Inferenza causale	Economia sanitaria
Famiglia	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	2003-2010	1990s (modern applications)
Ideatore	Alberto Abadie & Javier Gardeazabal; extended by Abadie, Diamond & Hainmueller	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
Tipo	Causal inference / comparative case study	Method
Fonte seminale	Abadie, A., Diamond, A., & Hainmueller, J. (2010). Synthetic Control Methods for Comparative Case Studies: Estimating the Effect of California's Tobacco Control Program. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 105(490), 493-505.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Alias	Synthetic Control Method, SCM, Synthetic Control, Abadie-Diamond-Hainmueller method	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
Correlati	5	3
Sintesi	The Synthetic Control Method (SCM) is a causal inference technique for evaluating the effect of a policy or intervention on a single treated unit — such as a region, country, or firm — by constructing a weighted combination of untreated comparison units that closely mirrors the treated unit before the intervention. Introduced by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) and formalized by Abadie, Diamond, and Hainmueller (2010), it provides a data-driven, transparent counterfactual for comparative case studies.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.