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| Test di Cointegrazione di Panel (Pedroni, Kao, Westerlund)× | Regression with Ordinary Least Squares (OLS)× | Modello a Effetti Fissi per Dati Panel× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Campo | Econometria | Econometria | Econometria |
| Famiglia | Regression model | Regression model | Regression model |
| Anno di origine≠ | 2004 | 2019 | 2014 |
| Ideatore≠ | Pedroni; Kao; Westerlund | Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares | Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data |
| Tipo≠ | Panel cointegration test | Linear regression | Panel data regression |
| Fonte seminale≠ | Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625. DOI ↗ | Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860 | Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. DOI ↗ |
| Alias≠ | Pedroni cointegration test, Kao cointegration test, Westerlund cointegration test, panel long-run equilibrium tests | ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu | fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli |
| Correlati≠ | 3 | 5 | 5 |
| Sintesi≠ | Panel cointegration tests check whether a set of integrated variables share a stable long-run equilibrium relationship across a panel of cross-sectional units. Pedroni (1999, 2004) provides heterogeneous-panel tests with seven statistics, Kao (1999) gives an ADF-based homogeneous-panel test, and Westerlund (2007) adds error-correction-based tests robust to structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence. | Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE). | The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014). |
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