Confronta i metodi

	Test placebo per effetti eterogenei del trattamento	Difference-in-Differences (Diff-in-Diff)
Campo	Inferenza causale	Econometria
Famiglia	Regression model	Regression model
Anno di origine	2000s–2010s	1994
Ideatore	Rosenbaum (placebo test concept); Athey & Imbens (HTE estimation framework)	Card & Krueger (canonical 1994 application); Angrist & Pischke (textbook treatment)
Tipo	Validation / falsification test	Causal inference / panel regression
Fonte seminale	Imbens, G. W., & Rubin, D. B. (2015). Causal Inference for Statistics, Social, and Biomedical Sciences: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521885881	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton University Press. ISBN: 978-0691120355
Alias	HTE placebo test, heterogeneous-effect placebo check, subgroup placebo test, CATE placebo validation	diff-in-diff, DiD, Farkların Farkı (Diff-in-Diff)
Correlati	3	5
Sintesi	A placebo test for heterogeneous treatment effects is a falsification strategy used to validate whether estimated variation in treatment effects across subgroups or covariate values is genuine rather than an artifact of model specification, overfitting, or coincidental patterns. By applying the same estimation procedure to pseudo-treatments, fake outcomes, or subgroups that logically should not differ, researchers check that observed heterogeneity reflects real causal variation.	Difference-in-Differences is a causal-inference method that estimates the effect of an intervention by comparing how a treatment group and a control group change over time. Made famous by Card and Krueger's 1994 minimum-wage study and developed in Angrist and Pischke's Mostly Harmless Econometrics, it isolates the treatment effect as the difference between the two groups' before-after changes.