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	Modello Strutturale Marginale per Effetti Eterogenei del Trattamento (HTE-MSM)	Ponderazione basata sul punteggio di propensione (PSW / IPW)
Campo	Inferenza causale	Inferenza causale
Famiglia	Regression model	Regression model
Anno di origine	2000–2010s	1983 (propensity score); 2003 (efficient IPW estimator)
Ideatore	Robins, Hernan & Brumback (foundational MSM framework, 2000); heterogeneous-effect extensions developed throughout 2000s–2010s	Rosenbaum & Rubin (propensity score); Hirano, Imbens & Ridder (efficient weighting)
Tipo	Causal inference / weighted regression with effect modification	Causal inference / reweighting
Fonte seminale	Robins, J. M., Hernan, M. A., & Brumback, B. (2000). Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology, 11(5), 550-560.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.
Alias	HTE-MSM, heterogeneous MSM, subgroup MSM, effect-modified marginal structural model	PSW, inverse probability weighting, IPW, propensity-based weighting
Correlati	5	6
Sintesi	The Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Marginal Structural Model extends the classic MSM framework of Robins, Hernan, and Brumback to estimate how treatment effects vary across subgroups or individual-level moderators. By weighting observations with inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTW) and interacting the treatment with effect modifiers in the weighted outcome model, the approach produces subgroup-specific or continuous causal effect estimates from observational data.	Propensity score weighting is a causal-inference method that reweights observations so that the covariate distributions of treated and untreated units look exchangeable, enabling unbiased estimation of average treatment effects from observational data. Each unit receives a weight that is the inverse of its probability of receiving the treatment it actually received — a strategy formalised by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) and given its efficient semiparametric form by Hirano, Imbens and Ridder (2003).