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	Binge Eating Scale (BES)	Questionario a Tre Fattori sull'Alimentazione (TFEQ)
Campo	Psicologia clinica	Psicologia clinica
Famiglia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Anno di origine	1982	1985
Ideatore	John Gormally, Susan Black, Sarah Daston, Diane Rardin	Albert Jay Stunkard, Samuel Messick
Tipo	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Fonte seminale	Gormally, J., Black, S., Daston, S., & Rardin, D. (1982). The assessment of binge eating severity among obese persons. Addictive Behaviors, 7(1), 47–55.	Stunkard, A. J., & Messick, S. (1985). The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29(1), 71–83.
Alias	Binge Eating Scale Gormally, BES screening tool	TFEQ, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised (TFEQ-R21), Stunkard and Messick Three-Factor Eating
Correlati	4	5
Sintesi	The BES is a 16-item self-report questionnaire designed specifically to measure the behavioural and emotional features of binge eating in obese and non-obese populations. Developed by Gormally and colleagues in 1982, the BES uses a forced-choice format and focuses on the subjective experience of loss of control, severity of binge episodes, and affective triggers. It is widely used in obesity treatment research and clinical screening for binge eating patterns.	The TFEQ is a self-report instrument measuring three distinct psychological dimensions of eating behaviour: cognitive restraint (conscious dieting efforts), disinhibition (loss of control over eating when triggered by stress or environmental cues), and hunger (subjective appetite and satiety responsiveness). Developed by Stunkard and Messick in 1985, the original 51-item instrument has been refined into a 21-item version (TFEQ-R21) widely used in obesity research, eating behaviour studies, and nutritional psychology.