Jelajahi sains berdasarkan metode, bidang, dan bukti.

PASI

The PASI is the gold-standard clinician-administered measure of psoriasis severity and extent. Developed by Fredriksson and Pettersson in 1978, it evaluates four cardinal clinical signs (erythema, induration, desquamation) across four body regions, each weighted by anatomical importance. PASI is the most widely used en

2 sumber1978

Patch-Clamp

Patch-clamp electrophysiology is a technique for measuring ionic currents through ion channels in cell membranes, developed by Neher and Sakmann in 1976. It enables direct observation of single-channel and whole-cell currents at millisecond resolution, making it essential for characterizing drug effects on ion channels

2 sumber1976

nursing

Patient Fall Risk Assessment

Patient Fall Risk Assessment is a systematic clinical evaluation process used to identify hospitalized or institutionalized patients at increased risk of falling. Falls are a major cause of injury and mortality in healthcare settings, particularly among older adults. The assessment considers intrinsic patient factors (

2 sumber2000

Patient Global Impression of Change

The Patient Global Impression of Change is a single-item, seven-point rating scale asking patients to report their overall impression of change since treatment initiation. Originally published by William Guy in the ECDEU Assessment Manual in 1976, the PGIC has become a standard co-primary endpoint in clinical trials as

3 sumber1976

Patient Health Questionnaire-9

The PHQ-9 is a brief, nine-item self-report questionnaire developed by Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams to screen for and measure the severity of depressive symptoms. Published in 2001 in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, it has become one of the most widely used depression screening instruments globally. The sca

3 sumber2001

integrative medicine

Patient Satisfaction with CAM Scale

The PSCS is a patient-report instrument measuring satisfaction with complementary and alternative medicine services, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, massage, and other modalities. Developed by Margolis and colleagues in 1998, it captures dimensions of satisfaction specific to CAM practice—practitioner communica

2 sumber1998

transcultural nursing

Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale

The Patient-Provider Cultural Sensitivity Scale (PPCSS) is a measure designed to assess the degree to which healthcare providers demonstrate cultural sensitivity and respect in clinical encounters. The instrument evaluates provider behaviors and attitudes that honor patients' cultural identities, values, and preference

1 sumber2008

sports medicine

Patient-Specific Functional Scale

The Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS) is a unique, individualized outcome instrument that captures patient-identified functional limitations and tracks change in those specific activities. Developed by Stratford and colleagues in 1995 and published in Physiotherapy Canada, the PSFS revolutionized patient-centere

1 sumber1995

psychotherapy research

Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale

The Patient-Therapist Agreement Scale (PTAS) measures the degree to which client and therapist agree on therapy goals, treatment focus, and expected treatment duration—a core component of the therapeutic alliance. Developed by Nash and colleagues in their foundational study of psychotherapy preparation, the PTAS operat

2 sumber1965

pediatric medicine

PedMIDAS

The PedMIDAS is a brief 6-item parent-report (with child input for older youth) instrument developed by Hershey et al. in 2001 to quantify migraine-related functional disability in children and adolescents. Rather than measuring pain intensity or headache frequency, the PedMIDAS focuses on the ultimate impact of migrai

2 sumber2001

Penn State Worry Questionnaire

The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is a 16-item self-report instrument specifically designed to measure the trait dimension of worry—the tendency to worry excessively across situations. Developed by Meyer, Miller, Metzger, and Borkovec in 1990, the PSWQ has become the standard instrument for assessing worry as a

1 sumber1990

PGSI

The PGSI (Problem Gambling Severity Index) is a 9-item self-report questionnaire measuring problem gambling severity and gambling disorder risk. Developed by Ferris and Wynne in 2001 for the Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, it is one of the most widely used screening tools for gambling disorder in Englis

3 sumber2001

PHQ-9 Depression Screening

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a brief, 9-item self-report instrument for screening and measuring the severity of depressive symptoms in primary care and mental health settings. Developed by Kurt Kroenke and colleagues in 2001, the PHQ-9 is now widely used in healthcare systems worldwide as a rapid, accu

2 sumber2001

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics

PBPK is a mechanistic modeling framework that uses physiological parameters, tissue properties, and drug-specific attributes to predict drug concentration time profiles in the body. Developed rigorously in the 1990s by researchers including Nestorov, PBPK integrates anatomy, biochemistry, and kinetics to enable rationa

2 sumber1997

oncology nursing

Piper Fatigue Scale

The Piper Fatigue Scale is a 22-item multidimensional self-report instrument that evaluates cancer-related fatigue across four conceptually distinct domains: behavioral/severity, affective/meaning, sensory, and cognitive/mood. Developed by Barbara Piper and colleagues in 1989 and revised in 1998, the PFS is grounded in

2 sumber1989

POEM

The POEM is a brief, patient-administered severity measure for atopic dermatitis that focuses on frequency of symptoms experienced over the past week. Developed by Charman, Venn, and Williams in 2004, it emphasizes the patient's lived experience rather than clinician observation, making it practical for routine clinica

2 sumber2004

Population Pharmacodynamics

Population pharmacodynamic (PopPD) modeling integrates pharmacokinetics with individual dose-response relationships across patient populations to characterize drug efficacy and tolerability. Pioneered by Lewis Sheiner and colleagues, PopPD accounts for inter-individual variability in drug effects and enables rational d

2 sumber1992

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) is a brief, efficient self-report measure of mood and emotional affect. Developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen in 1988, it assesses two independent dimensions: positive affect (enthusiasm, attentiveness, interest) and negative affect (distress, anxiety, anger). The 20

2 sumber1988

clinical research

Pragmatic Clinical Trial

A pragmatic trial is designed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of an intervention in typical clinical settings with diverse, representative patients, minimal exclusion criteria, and clinically relevant outcomes. Developed by Thorpe and colleagues (2009) and formalized via the PRECIS-2 framework (2015), pragmati

3 sumber2009

cardiology

Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale

The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses emotional and behavioral problems related to diabetes self-management, including worries about complications, regimen burden, social and family challenges, and emotional distress. Originally developed by Polonsky and colleagues in

2 sumber1995

health measurement

PROMIS

The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is a comprehensive, flexible system of patient-reported outcome measures developed by the National Institutes of Health. Launched in 2010, PROMIS measures health across multiple domains using both fixed-item forms and computer-adaptive testing (CAT).

3 sumber2010

physical therapy

Proprioception Assessment

Proprioceptive assessment is a bedside neurological examination evaluating the sense of joint position and movement, mediated by mechanoreceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints. Clinical testing of proprioception is essential for comprehensive neurological evaluation in conditions affecting sensory function, coordinat

2 sumber1900

Pruritus VAS

The Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (VAS) is a simple, single-item patient-administered tool measuring itch intensity on a continuous 0–10 (or 0–100) scale. Adapted from the original VAS for pain, it is one of the most frequently used outcome measures in dermatological research and clinical practice due to its simplicity,

2 sumber1983

PSUS

The PSUS is a self-report questionnaire measuring compulsive smartphone use, withdrawal symptoms, and loss of control related to mobile devices. Developed by Hussain, Griffiths, and Sheffield in 2017, it targets the growing phenomenon of smartphone addiction in the digital age. The PSUS captures how smartphone dependen

3 sumber2017

occupational health

Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale

The Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale (PSC-12) measures employees' perceptions of organizational commitment to protecting worker psychological health and preventing psychosocial hazards (stress, harassment, bullying). Developed by Dollard and Karasek, and refined by Bailey and colleagues, the PSC-12 captures four dimen

2 sumber2010

PTSD Checklist for DSM-5

The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) is a 20-item self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms aligned with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Developed by Weathers, Litz, and Keane, it is the gold standard screening and outcome measure for PTSD in military, veteran, and civilian trauma populations. The

2 sumber2013

pediatric medicine

QOLCE

The QOLCE is a comprehensive 76-item disease-specific instrument developed by Sabaz et al. in 2000 to assess quality of life in children with epilepsy aged 4–16 years. Measuring across 16 distinct domains including seizure worry, cognitive concerns, medication effects, school/peer functioning, and family impact, the QO

2 sumber2000

neurology

QOLIE-89

The QOLIE-89 is a comprehensive disease-specific quality-of-life instrument developed specifically for people with epilepsy. Introduced by Devinsky and colleagues in 1995, it captures the broad impact of epilepsy on physical, emotional, social, and cognitive functioning. With 89 items organized into 17 distinct domains

1 sumber1995

clinical assessment

qSOFA Score

The Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score, introduced by the Sepsis-3 taskforce in 2016, is a rapid 3-variable bedside screening tool for identifying non-ICU patients at high risk of sepsis-related mortality. It uses altered mentation, systolic hypotension, and tachypnea to quickly stratify patients w

2 sumber2016

addiction medicine

QSU-Brief

The QSU-Brief is a 10-item self-report instrument that rapidly assesses the intensity of craving for cigarettes and the intention to smoke. Developed by Cox, Tiffany, and Christen in 1996, it is a brief version of the longer Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (QSU) and is widely used in smoking cessation treatment and rese

1 sumber1996

Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery

The Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR), also called the 'Neil-QPR,' is a 22-item self-report measure assessing subjective recovery processes in individuals with serious mental illness, particularly schizophrenia and related disorders. Developed by Stephen T. Neil, Matthias Kilbride, Leonie Pitt, and coll

1 sumber2009

transcultural nursing

Racism and Life Experiences Scales

The Racism and Life Experiences Scales (RaLES) are a multidimensional assessment designed to measure the frequency and intensity of racism-related stress experienced by people of color. Developed by Harrell in 2000, the RaLES operationalize racism not as a single phenomenon but as a constellation of stressors across mu

1 sumber2000

veterinary medicine

Radiographic Assessment in Veterinary Medicine

Radiographic assessment is a systematic diagnostic imaging method using X-rays to create two-dimensional images of internal structures, facilitating detection of skeletal, thoracic, and abdominal pathology. Since the discovery of X-rays in 1896 and their early adoption in veterinary medicine, radiography has remained f

3 sumber1896

physical therapy

Range of Motion Goniometry

Goniometry is the standardized clinical measurement of joint angles using a goniometer (angle-measuring instrument) to quantify range of motion in degrees. Developed from orthopedic assessment traditions, goniometric measurement is a fundamental skill in physical therapy, occupational therapy, and orthopedic medicine f

2 sumber1960

addiction medicine

RCQ

The RCQ is a 12-item self-report instrument designed to assess an individual's stage of change motivation regarding substance use, particularly alcohol use. Developed by Rollnick and colleagues in 1992, it operationalizes the Transtheoretical Model of Change by measuring readiness across the precontemplation, contempla

1 sumber1992

clinical research

Real-World Evidence Studies

Real-World Evidence (RWE) is clinical evidence derived from Real-World Data (RWD)—data routinely collected in clinical practice from electronic health records, insurance claims, patient registries, and other healthcare sources. Formalized by the FDA in 2016 (Sherman et al.), RWE addresses a critical gap: while randomiz

3 sumber2010

Recovery Assessment Scale

The Recovery Assessment Scale (RAS) is a 41-item self-report measure designed to assess personal recovery in individuals with serious mental illness. Developed by Corrigan and colleagues in 2004, it captures the subjective and multidimensional nature of recovery, including hope, autonomy, goal achievement, and symptom

1 sumber2004

occupational health

Recovery Experience Questionnaire

The Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ) is an assessment tool measuring the quality and dimensions of off-work recovery from occupational stress. Developed by Sonnentag and Fritz in 2007, the REQ evaluates four key recovery experiences: psychological detachment from work, relaxation, mastery, and control. The instr

1 sumber2007

Recovery-Oriented Practices Index

The Recovery-Oriented Practices Index (ROPI) is a measure assessing the degree to which mental health services and programs embody recovery-oriented principles and practices. Developed by Sanja P. Barbic, Trevor Krupa, and Inge Armstrong in 2009, the ROPI evaluates whether services prioritize consumer choice, hope, aut

1 sumber2009

clinical research

Registry-Based Research

Registry-based research uses systematically collected clinical data from patient registries—organized databases of patients with a specific disease or condition—to conduct observational studies. Registries began in the mid-20th century but have proliferated since the 2000s as electronic health records expanded and fund

3 sumber2000

rehabilitation science

Reintegration to Normal Living Index

The Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI) is a brief, patient-report measure designed to assess how completely a person has returned to 'normal' community living following a major health event (stroke, head injury, cardiac event, or other condition requiring significant recovery). Developed by Wood-Dauphinee and

2 sumber1988

Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire

The RSQ is an 18-item self-report measure of rejection sensitivity—the disposition to anxiously expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection from others. Developed by Downey and Feldman in 1996, it captures both anxiety about rejection and expectancy of rejection. Rejection sensitivity is recognized as tr

1 sumber1996

clinical assessment

Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale

The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), developed by Sessler et al. in 2002, is a 10-level ordinal scale for assessing level of consciousness, agitation, and sedation in critically ill patients. It ranges from +4 (combative/violent) through 0 (alert and calm) to -5 (unarousable), enabling precise titration of sed

2 sumber2002

neurology

RMI

The Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI) is a brief, clinician-observed performance test of basic mobility abilities developed for assessing stroke and neurological rehabilitation outcomes. Published in 1991 by Frank Collen and colleagues at Rivermead Rehabilitation Centre (Oxford, UK), the 15-item index measures bed mobilit

1 sumber1991

pain medicine

Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) is a brief, disease-specific self-report measure developed by Morris Roland and Ruth Morris in 1983 to assess functional disability and activity limitations in patients with acute and chronic low back pain. With 24 items addressing daily activities impacted by back pain

3 sumber1983

sports medicine

Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index

The Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Index (RC-QoL) is a rotator cuff-specific outcome instrument that measures symptom impact and functional limitations in patients with rotator cuff disease. Developed within rotator cuff treatment literature, the RC-QoL captures the physical, emotional, and social burden of rotator cuff

2 sumber1998

psychotherapy research

Rupture Resolution Rating System

The Rupture Resolution Rating System (RRRS) is an observer-based measure designed to assess the quality of therapist response to alliance ruptures and the degree to which ruptures are resolved within psychotherapy sessions. Developed by Safran and Muran, the RRRS operationalizes the principle that ruptures—temporary br

2 sumber1993

addiction medicine

SADQ

The SADQ is a 20-item self-report instrument that measures the severity of alcohol dependence on a continuum from mild to severe. Developed by Stockwell and colleagues in 1979, it quantifies physical withdrawal symptoms, psychological dependence, and behavioral indicators of dependence to guide treatment intensity and

1 sumber1979

occupational health

Safety Compliance and Participation Scale

The Safety Compliance and Participation Scale (SCPS) measures workers' occupational safety behavior across two dimensions: safety compliance (following safety rules and procedures) and safety participation (proactive engagement in safety activities beyond minimum requirements). Developed by Neal and Griffin, the SCPS r

2 sumber2000

Satisfaction with Life Scale

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is a brief, five-item self-report measure of global life satisfaction developed by Diener, Emmons, Larsen, and Griffin in 1985. It assesses the degree to which individuals are satisfied with their lives as a whole, reflecting a cognitive-judgmental component of subjective well-be

2 sumber1985

Scatchard Analysis

Scatchard analysis is a graphical method for determining ligand-receptor binding affinity (Kd) and binding capacity (Bmax) from binding data. Developed by George Scatchard in 1949, the Scatchard plot linearizes hyperbolic binding curves, enabling visual detection of multiple binding sites and quantitative parameter est

2 sumber1949

Schild Analysis

Schild analysis is a quantitative method for characterizing competitive receptor antagonism developed by Henry Schild in 1947. It uses dose-response curves in the presence and absence of antagonist to estimate the antagonist affinity constant (pA2), enabling standardized comparison of antagonist potency across drugs an

2 sumber1947

Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire

The SPQ is a 74-item self-report measure of schizotypal personality traits across cognitive-perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized domains. Developed by Adrian Raine in 1991 based on DSM-III-R schizotypal personality disorder criteria, it is the most widely used dimensional measure of schizotypy on the psychosis s

1 sumber1991

sleep medicine

SCI

The Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) is an 8-item self-report scale designed to assess the severity of insomnia symptoms in adults in a manner closely aligned with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. Developed by Espie and colleagues in 2014, it measures the core features of insomnia: difficulty initiating

1 sumber2014

SCOFF

The SCOFF is a five-question screening tool for eating disorders, developed by Morgan, Reid, and Lacey at the University of Leeds in 1999. Its acronym—Sick, Control, One, Fat, Food—represents its five core items. The SCOFF is exceptionally brief, takes less than 2 minutes to administer, and was designed to identify cas

3 sumber1999

SCORAD

The SCORAD is a comprehensive clinician-administered tool for measuring the extent and severity of atopic dermatitis (eczema). Developed by the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis in 1993, it combines objective clinical assessment with subjective symptom reporting. It is the gold standard for atopic dermatitis sev

2 sumber1993

cardiology

Seattle Angina Questionnaire

The Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) is a 19-item self-report measure that evaluates the frequency and severity of angina symptoms, functional limitations, and disease-specific quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Developed by Spertus and colleagues in 1995, the SAQ has become the gold-standard s

1 sumber1995

Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale

The Self-Efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale (SEAMS) is a brief self-report measure designed to assess patients' confidence in their ability to manage medications appropriately across diverse contexts and challenges. Grounded in Bandura's self-efficacy theory, the SEAMS evaluates patients' perceived capacity

1 sumber2007