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	Modèle à effets aléatoires de Fourier	Modèle à effets fixes de Fourier
Domaine	Économétrie	Économétrie
Famille	Regression model	Regression model
Année d'origine	2006-2012	2006–2012
Auteur d'origine	Becker, Enders & Lee; Enders & Lee	Enders & Lee (building on Becker, Enders & Lee framework)
Type	Panel regression with Fourier approximation	Panel regression with Fourier terms
Source fondatrice	Becker, R., Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2006). A stationary test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), 381-409.	Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). A unit root test using a Fourier series to approximate smooth breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 574–599.
Alias	Fourier RE model, FFF random effects, flexible Fourier random effects, Fourier augmented random effects	Fourier FE model, Fourier panel fixed effects, trigonometric fixed effects regression, smooth structural break fixed effects
Apparentées	5	6
Résumé	The Fourier Random Effects Model extends the standard random effects panel estimator by incorporating trigonometric (Fourier) terms to approximate smooth, gradual structural change in time trends or intercepts. It retains the GLS efficiency advantages of the random effects estimator while allowing parameters to shift continuously over time without requiring knowledge of exact break dates.	The Fourier fixed effects model extends standard panel fixed effects regression by augmenting the specification with low-frequency Fourier (trigonometric) terms. These sine and cosine components approximate unknown, smooth structural shifts in the time trend without requiring the researcher to pre-specify break dates, combining within-unit identification with flexible trend modelling.