مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	اعتبارسنجی متقابل سری‌های زمانی (پنجره غلتان/گسترش‌یابنده)	استنتاج بوتسترپ	آزمون دایبولد-ماریانو برای دقت پیش‌بینی برابر
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	آمار	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Process / pipeline	Regression model	Hypothesis test
سال پیدایش	2012	1979	1995
پدیدآور	Christoph Bergmeir & José Benítez	Bradley Efron	Francis Diebold & Roberto Mariano
نوع	Forecast evaluation procedure	Resampling-based inference	Non-parametric forecast comparison test
منبع بنیادین	Bergmeir, C., & Benítez, J. M. (2012). On the use of cross-validation for time series predictor evaluation. Information Sciences, 191, 192–213.	Efron, B. (1979). Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife. Annals of Statistics, 7(1), 1-26.	Diebold, F. X., & Mariano, R. S. (1995). Comparing predictive accuracy. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 13(3), 253–263.
نام‌های دیگر	Rolling-Origin Cross-Validation, Walk-Forward Validation, Expanding Window Evaluation, Zaman Serisi Çapraz Doğrulama	bootstrap, bootstrap resampling, nonparametric bootstrap, Bootstrap Çıkarımı	DM Test, Test of Equal Forecast Accuracy, Diebold-Mariano Forecast Comparison Test, Tahmin Doğruluğu Eşitliği Testi
مرتبط	3	5	3
خلاصه	Time-series cross-validation is a resampling procedure designed for sequentially ordered data. Instead of randomly partitioning observations — which would destroy temporal structure and introduce data leakage — it advances a forecast origin one step at a time, fitting a model on all past data up to that origin and evaluating it on the immediately following out-of-sample period. Economists, financial analysts, and meteorologists use it whenever an honest, operationally realistic estimate of predictive accuracy is required for a time-ordered process.	Bootstrap inference, introduced by Bradley Efron in 1979, estimates the sampling distribution of a statistic by repeatedly resampling the observed data with replacement. It requires no distributional assumption and produces reliable confidence intervals even in small samples.	The Diebold-Mariano (DM) test, introduced by Diebold and Mariano in 1995, is a widely used non-parametric procedure for formally comparing the predictive accuracy of two competing forecasting models. It evaluates whether the difference in forecast errors between two models is statistically significant, without requiring nested models or specific distributional assumptions about the forecasts, making it broadly applicable across economics, finance, and time-series analysis.