مقایسهٔ روش‌ها

	آزمون ریشه واحد دیکی-فولر بسط‌یافته (ADF)	آزمون DF-GLS: آزمون ریشه واحد دیک-فولر با روندزدایی GLS	آزمون ریشه واحد فیلیپس-پرون (PP)
حوزه	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی	اقتصادسنجی
خانواده	Regression model	Hypothesis test	Regression model
سال پیدایش	1979	1996	1988
پدیدآور	David A. Dickey & Wayne A. Fuller	Elliott, Rothenberg & Stock	Peter C. B. Phillips & Pierre Perron
نوع	Unit-root test for stationarity	One-sided t-test on GLS-detrended series	Unit-root test for stationarity
منبع بنیادین	Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.	Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813–836.	Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
نام‌های دیگر	ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test, unit root test, Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller testi	Elliott-Rothenberg-Stock test, ERS unit-root test, GLS-detrended Dickey-Fuller test, DF-GLS birim kök testi	PP test, Phillips-Perron unit root test, Phillips-Perron birim kök testi
مرتبط	4	3	4
خلاصه	The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is the most widely used test for a unit root — that is, for whether a time series is non-stationary and must be differenced before modelling. Introduced by David Dickey and Wayne Fuller in 1979 and extended by Said and Dickey in 1984 to series with higher-order autocorrelation, it regresses the change in the series on its lagged level plus lagged differences and asks whether the lagged-level coefficient is zero.	The DF-GLS test, introduced by Elliott, Rothenberg, and Stock (1996), is a modified augmented Dickey-Fuller procedure that applies generalized least squares (GLS) detrending before the standard unit-root regression. By removing deterministic components under a local alternative rather than the null hypothesis, the test achieves near-optimal power for detecting stationarity in time series, making it the preferred unit-root test in applied econometrics when a trend or intercept is present.	The Phillips-Perron test, proposed by Peter Phillips and Pierre Perron in 1988, tests for a unit root in a time series, like the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, but corrects for autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in the errors non-parametrically rather than by adding lagged differences. It runs a simple Dickey-Fuller regression and then adjusts the test statistic using a long-run variance estimate, so the practitioner need not choose a lag length for the regression itself.