S-Parameter Analysis

S-Parameters (Scattering Parameters) characterize RF and microwave networks by their transmission and reflection of voltage waves. Introduced by Kurokawa in 1965, S-parameters are ideal for high frequencies where wave effects dominate. Unlike impedance (Z), admittance (Y), or hybrid parameters, S-parameters are directly measurable with network analyzers, naturally account for characteristic impedance, and are intuitive for cascade analysis. S-parameters are the standard language of RF engineering.