Regression modelEconometrics / time series

Difference GMM (Arellano-Bond Estimator)

Difference GMM, introduced by Arellano and Bond (1991), estimates dynamic panel data models by first-differencing the equation to remove fixed effects, then using lagged levels of the endogenous variables as GMM instruments. It is the standard approach when a lagged dependent variable or other endogenous regressors are present in a panel with many units and few time periods.

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Sources

  1. Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277–297. DOI: 10.2307/2297968
  2. Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata Journal, 9(1), 86–136. DOI: 10.1177/1536867X0900900106

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Referenced by

ScholarGateDifference GMM (First-Differenced Generalized Method of Moments Estimator). Retrieved 2026-06-04 from https://scholargate.app/en/econometrics/difference-gmm