Methoden vergleichen

	Augmented-Dickey-Fuller (ADF)-Test auf Einheitswurzel	CIPS-Test – Querschnitts-augmentierter IPS-Panel-Einheitswurzeltest	Pesaran CD-Test: Diagnostik für Querschnittsabhängigkeit in Paneldaten
Fachgebiet	Ökonometrie	Ökonometrie	Ökonometrie
Familie	Regression model	Hypothesis test	Hypothesis test
Entstehungsjahr	1979	2007	2021
Urheber	David A. Dickey & Wayne A. Fuller	M. Hashem Pesaran	M. Hashem Pesaran
Typ	Unit-root test for stationarity	Panel unit-root test with cross-section dependence	Non-parametric diagnostic test
Wegweisende Quelle	Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366a), 427–431.	Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
Aliasnamen	ADF test, Dickey-Fuller test, unit root test, Genişletilmiş Dickey-Fuller testi	Pesaran CIPS Test, Cross-Sectionally Augmented IPS, Second-Generation Panel Unit-Root Test, CIPS Birim Kök Testi	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
Verwandt	4	3	3
Zusammenfassung	The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is the most widely used test for a unit root — that is, for whether a time series is non-stationary and must be differenced before modelling. Introduced by David Dickey and Wayne Fuller in 1979 and extended by Said and Dickey in 1984 to series with higher-order autocorrelation, it regresses the change in the series on its lagged level plus lagged differences and asks whether the lagged-level coefficient is zero.	The CIPS test, introduced by Pesaran (2007), is a second-generation panel unit-root test designed for panels in which the cross-sectional units share unobserved common factors that induce cross-section dependence. By augmenting each individual ADF regression with cross-sectional averages and their lags, the CIPS test accounts for this dependence and produces reliable inference where first-generation tests such as the original IPS test break down. It is widely applied in macroeconomic and finance panels where shocks propagate across countries or regions.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.